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Unit 1: History

Beginnings of Civilization Unit 1 Study Guide

TermDefinition
Artifact an object made by a human being, typically one of cultural or historical interest
A.D. Anno Domini: used to indicate that a date comes the specified number of years after the traditional date of Christ's birth. It means Year of our Lord.
Artisan a worker in a skilled trade, especially one that involves making things by hand.
Aryans relating to or denoting a people speaking an Indo-European language who invaded northern India in the 2nd millennium bc, displacing the Dravidian and other aboriginal peoples.
Autocracy a system of government by one person with absolute power.
B.C. Before Christ. The number of years before Christ was born.
B.C.E Before Common Era
Bronze Age a prehistoric period that followed the Stone Age and preceded the Iron Age, when weapons and tools were made of bronze rather than stone.
Bureaucracy a system of government in which most of the important decisions are taken by state officials rather than by elected representatives.
Caste system A system in which people are divided into each of the hereditary classes of Hindu society; distinguished by relative degrees of ritual purity or pollution and of social status
City-state a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.
Covenant formal agreement; an agreement which brings about a relationship of commitment between God and his people.
Cultural diffusion the spread of cultural items—such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages etc.—between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to another.
Cuneiform denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly on clay tablets:
Domestication tame (an animal) and keep it as a pet or on a farm.
Empire an extensive group of states or countries ruled over by a single monarch, an oligarchy, or a sovereign state
Enlightenment the action or state of attaining or having attained spiritual knowledge or insight, in particular (in Buddhism) that awareness which frees a person from the cycle of rebirth.
Fertile Crescent a crescent-shaped area of fertile land in the Middle East extending from the eastern Mediterranean coast through the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to the Persian Gulf. It was the centre of the Neolithic development of agriculture (from 7000 bc
Feudalism the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's la
Hieroglyphics a formal writing system used by the ancient Egyptians that combined logographic and alphabetic elements.
Hunter-gatherer a member of a nomadic people who live chiefly by hunting and fishing, and harvesting wild food.
Migration seasonal movement of animals from one region to another; movement of people to a new area or country in order to find work or better living conditions
Monotheism the doctrine or belief that there is only one God.
Neolithic Age a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 10,200 BC
Nomad a member of a people that travels from place to place to find fresh pasture for its animals and has no permanent home.
Paleolithic Age a prehistoric period of human history distinguished by the development of the most primitive stone tools.
Pharaoh a ruler in ancient Egypt.
Polytheism the belief in or worship of more than one god.
Reincarnation the religious or philosophical concept that the soul or spirit, after biological death, begins a new life in a new body that may be human, animal or spiritual depending on the moral quality of the previous life's actions.
Scribe a person who copies out documents, especially one employed to do this before printing was invented.
Slash-and-burn relating to or denoting a method of agriculture in which existing vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown, typically used as a method for clearing forest land for farming.
Technology the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry
Theocracy a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.
Ziggurat a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple.
Created by: stea124
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