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Biochemistry 2
Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When does amino acids get broken down? | amino acid surplus, protein rich diet, starvation or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus |
| Amino acids are broken down into what? | Ammonia and carbon skeleton |
| Ammonia is converted to what? | Carbamoyl Phosphate (C1N1) |
| Define transamination | Reaction where an alpha-AA and and alpha-ketoacid "exchange" the alpha-AA and alpha-keto group |
| How does nitrogen get removed from the body? | Mainly in the form of urea |
| What vitamin does a transamination reaction rely on? | pyridoxin-Vit B6 |
| Special function of glutamate | Source of NH4 that gets converted to carbamoyl phosphate, this is than channeled into the urea cycle |
| Special function of glutamine | Formed from glutamate and NH4 in extra hepatic tissue and has the function of transporting NH4 to liver |
| Special function of alanine | Formed from the transamination reaction of pyruvate(under anaerobic conditions) in skel muscle. Carries pyruvat and nitrogen to the liver, where the nitrogen gets channelled into the urea cycle while pyruvate can undergo gluconeogenesis |
| 9 essential amino acids | His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Val |
| 3 conditionally essential amino acids | Arg, Cys, Tyr |
| Why are tyrosine and cysteine called conditionally essential | They rely on essential amino acids Phe and Met |
| Three alpha-ketoacids that are common metabolites and the AA they are converted to by transamination | pyruvate - alanine alpha-ketogluterate - glutamate oxaloacetate - aspartate |
| Two exclusively ketogenic amino acids | lysine and leucine |
| Six common metabolites of AA breakdown(catabolism) | pyruvate, fumerate, oxaloacetate, acetyl-coa, alpha-ketogluterate, succinyl-coa |
| Four common metabolites as precursors to AA(anabolism) | 3-phosphoglycerate, pyruvate, alpha-ketogluterate, oxalacetate |
| 6 AA broken down to acetyl CoA | Trp, Phe, Tyr, ile, Leu, Lys |
| 6 AA broken down to pyruvate | Thr, Gly, Ser, Trp, Ala, Cys |
| 5 AA broken down to alpha-ketogluterate | Arg, Pro, Glu, Gln, His |
| 4 AA broken down to succinyl-CoA | Ili, Met, Thr, Val |
| 2 AA broken down to oxaloacetate | Asp, Asn |
| 2 AA broken down to fumerate | Phe, Tyr |
| AA derived from alpha-ketogluterate | Glu, Gln, Pro, Arg |
| AA derived from 3-phosphoglycerate | Ser, Cys, Gly |
| AA derived from Pyruvate | Ala |
| AA derived from oxalacetate | Asp, Asn |
| AA precursor for Heme | Gly |
| AA precursor for creatine | Gly, Arg, Met |
| AA precursor for gluthione | Gly, Cys, Glu |
| AA precursor for NO | Arg |
| AA precursor for serotonin | Trp |
| AA precursor for GABA | Glu |
| AA precursor for histamine | His |
| Breakdown products of purines | uric acid |
| Breakdown products of pyrimidines | NH4 to urea |
| Histamine comes from what AA | His |
| GABA comes from what AA | Glutamate |
| Serotonin comes from what AA | Tryptophan |
| DOPA, dopamine, NE, Ep comes from what AA | Tyrosine |
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