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Behavior-Chapter 1
Introduction to Learning and Behavior-Chapter 1 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Applied Behavior Analysis | A technology of behavior in which basic principles of behavior are applied to real-world issues |
| Behavior | Any activity of an organism that can be either directly or indirectly observed |
| Behavior Analysis (or experimental analysis of behavior) | The behavioral science that grew out of the philosophy of radical behaviorism |
| Behaviorism | A natural science approach to psychology that traditionally emphasizes the study of environmental influences on observable behavior |
| British Empiricism | A philosophical school of thought, of which John Locke was a member, that maintained that almost all knowledge is a function of experience |
| Cognitive behaviorism | A brand of behaviorism that utilizes intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesized cognitive processes, to help explain behavior. Sometimes called “purposive behaviorism” |
| Cognitive Map | The mental representation of one's spatial surroundings |
| Countercontrol | The deliberate manipulation of environmental events so as to alter their impact on our behavior |
| Empiricism | The assumption that a person's characteristics are mostly learned or are the result of experience. Also known as the nurture perspective. |
| Functionalism | An approach to psychology that holds that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around us, and that the focus of psychology should be the study of those adaptive processes |
| Introspection | The attempt to accurately describe one's own conscious thoughts, emotions, and sensory experiences |
| Latent Learning | Learning that occurs in the absence of any observable demonstration of learning and only becomes apparent under a different set of conditions |
| Law of Contiguity | A law of association holding that events that occur in close proximity to each other in time or space are readily associated with each other. |
| Law of Contrast | A law of association holding that events that are opposite from each other are readily associated |
| Law of Frequency | A law of association holding that the more frequently two items occur together, the more strongly they are associated |
| Law of Parsimony | The assumption that simpler explanations for a phenomenon are generally preferable to more complex explanations |
| Law of Similarity | A law of association holding that events that are similar to each other are readily associated |
| Learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from some type of experience |
| Methodological Behaviorism | A brand of behaviorism that asserts that, for methodological reasons, psychologists should study only those behaviors that can be directly observed |
| Mind-body dualism | Descartes' philosophical assumption that some human behaviors are bodily reflexes that are automatically elicited by external stimulation, while other behaviors are freelyc chosen and controlled by the mind |
| Nativism | The assumption that a person's characteristics are largely inborn. Also known as the nature perspective. |
| Neobehaviorism | A brand of behaviorism that utilizes intervening variables, in the form of hypothesized physiological processes, to help explain behavior |
| Radical Behaviorism | A brand of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence of the environment on overt behavior, rejects the use of internal events to explain behavior, and views thoughts and feelings as behaviors that themselves need to be explained |
| Reciprocal Determinism | The assumption that environmental events, observable behavior and “person variables” (which include internal events) reciprocally influence each other |
| Social Learning Theory | A brand of behaviorism that strongly emphasizes the importance of observational learning and cognitive variables in explaining human behavior. It has more recently been referred to as “social-cognitive theory.” |
| S-R Theory | The theory that learning involves the establishment of a connection between a specific stimulus (S) and a specific response (R). |
| Structuralism | An approach to psychology holding that it is possible to determine the structure of the mind by identifying the basic elements of which it is composed. |
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