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NWHSU Biochem2 Exam1
NWHSU Biochem 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fasting Blood Glucose? 70-99mg/dl 70-145mg/dl 70-125mg/dl | 70-99mg/dl |
| Random Blood Glucose level (Casual) 70-99mg/dl 70-145mg/dl 70-125mg/dl | 70-125mg/dl |
| 2 Hours after eating (postprandial) 70-99mg/dl 70-145mg/dl 70-125mg/dl | 70-145mg/dl |
| Diabetes level and prediabetic level? ___-___mg/dl >___mg/dl | 100-120mg/dl >120mg/dl |
| Subtle neurological signs of diabetes include? | hunger, release of glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, sweating, trembling, |
| More serious signs of diabetes if prolonged. | Convulsions, coma, permanent brain damage, death |
| Glycogen to pyruvate? Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis | Glycolysis |
| Glucose to Glycogen? Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis | Glycogenesis |
| Glycogen to Glucose Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis | Glycogenolysis |
| Pyruvate to Glucose? Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis | Gluconeogenesis |
| Glycolysis happens where? | cytoplasm |
| Partial oxidation of _____ in Glycolysis. | C (-> NADH) |
| Glycolysis produces a small amount of ____ | energy (ATP) |
| Phosphorylation of glucose and its conversion to ________________________. (preparatory phase) | glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate |
| Oxidative conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to _______ and the couple formation of ATP and NADH. (Payoff phase) | Pyruvate |
| Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the _________, to a much lesser extent in the _________. | Liver, Renal cortex |
| many enzymes are ____ dependent. | mg2+ |
| In gluconeogenesis, transporters are needed for _________ and ______. | Oxaloacetate and NAD+/NADH |
| Mitochondria needs _______ to survive. | Oxaloacetate |
| NADH is needed for _________. | Gluconeogenesis |
| Exercising produces ______ which becomes Pyruvate. | Lactate |
| During Gluconeogenesis when exercising.. pyruvate ends where in the cell? (PEP) Where is the NADH + H+ needed for gluconeogenesis used in the cell? | Mitochondria, Cytosol |
| When starving pyruvate ends where in the cell? (PEP)Where is the NADH + H+ needed for gluconeogenesis used in the cell? | Cytosol, Cytosol |
| Citric Acid Cycle and Gluconeogenesis are linked through ______ dehydrogenase. | Malate |
| Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction (same subtrate, same product) in different cell compartments or tissues and are encoded by seperate genes? | Isoenzymes |
| Pep carboxykinase is located in the cytosol during ______ pathway and it is located in the mitochondrion during the ______ pathway. Pep carboxykinase is an example of an ________. | Starving, Exercising (muscles become anaerobic), Isoenzyme |
| Malate dehydrogenase is located in the mitochondria and cytosol during the _________ pathway. Malate is an example of an ________. | Starving, Isoenzyme |
| 2 pyruvate + 4ATP + 2GTP + 2NADH _ 4H2O----> (overall reaction of gluconeogenesis) | glucose +4ADP + 2GDP + 6Pi +2NAD |
| Anabolic or Catabolic Need ATP + e- donors. Produce ATP and yield reduced e- carriers. | Anabolic Need ATP + e- donors. Catabolic Produce ATP and yield reduced e- carriers. |
| _________ is formed in skel muscle tissue and RBC's (no mitochondria). | Lactate |
| Lactate can be reduced back to _______ in the _____. | Glucose, Liver |
| Glucose--->2 Pyruvate------>2 Lactate What are the 2 steps(Arrows) What is recycled between those two steps. | Glucolysis and fermentation 2NAD+ and 2NADH are recycled between the two steps |
| During the cori cycle in the _______ ATP is produced by ________ for rapid contraction. In the liver ATP used in synthesis of glucose (________) during recovery. | muscle, glycolysis gluconeogenesis |
| Glycogen is a ________ homopolysaccharide, its monomer is _________. Connections 1->4 branched with 1->(?) | branched glucose 6 |
| glycogen is found in the _____(Up to 10%), and ____________ (up to 1-2%. It is ________ term energy storage and is absent after 24 hr fast. | liver, skel muscle short |
| Glycogen Breakdown is also called? | Glycogenolysis |
| What three enzymes does glycogen use to enter glycolytic pathway? | Glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen debranching enzyme, phosphoglucomutase. |
| In _____ when blood glucose levels drop, glucose 6-phosphate can get converted back to glucose by _______________ in ____? | Liver, glucose 6-phosphatase in ER |
| Where does glycogen synthesis take place? | liver and skeletal muscle |
| glucose 6-P->glucose 1-P->UDP-glucose + PPi This is an example of __________. | Glycogen synthesis |
| What is another name for phosphogluconate pathway and hexose monophosphate pathway? | Pentose Phosphate pathway |
| Glutathione is what? | Antioxidant |
| What is in high demand for fast dividing tissues in the pentose phosphate pathway? | Ribose 5-Phosphate |
| In the oxidative phase in the Pentose Phosphate pathway Which step is the point of regulation? | 1st step (Glucose 6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate) |
| In the Pentose Phosphate pathway how many enzymatic steps are there and how many redox reactions. | 4 and 2 |
| The Pentose Phosphate pathway is located ___________ in all tissues | in the cytoplasm |
| First 3 steps of the pentose phoshate pathway are ____ dependent? | Mg2+ |
| Glucose 6-P + 2NADP + H2O---> (Pentose Phosphate pathway overall) | Ribose 5-P + CO2 + 2NADPH |
| The Nonoxidative phase in the pnetose phosphate pathway starts and ends with ____ Carbons. | 30 Carbons |
| 6 Ribose 5-P ----> __________? (Nonoxidative phase of pentose phosphate pathway. | 5 Glucose 6-P |
| _______ and __________ catalyze interconversions of C3-, C4-, C5-, C6-, C7- in the nonoxidative phase of pentose phosphate pathway | Ketolase and Aldolase |
| Fars provide more than 50% of daily energy requirement for several organs: | liver, heart, and resting skeletal muscle |
| Bile salts emulsify dietary fats in the _______ forming _______. | small intestine mixed micelles |
| Intestinal lipases degrade __________ into fatty acids. | Triacylglycerols |
| Fatty acids and other breakdown products are taken up by the intestinal mucosa and converted into ________. | triacylglycerols |
| Triacyllgycerols are incorperated with cholesterol and apolipoproteins into __________. | chylomicrons |
| __________ move through the lymphatic system and bloodstream to tissues. | chylomicrons |
| lipoprotein lipase, activated by apoC-II in the capillary, converts triacylglycerols to _______ and _____. | fatty acids and glycerol |
| Lipoprotein lipase is found in ______. | Blood |
| Hormone Sensitive lipase is found in _________. | Adipocytes |
| Fatty acids are oxidized as fuel or reesterified for storage. This is triggered by ______(When blood glucose low) and )___________ when we exercise | glucagon, and epinephrine |
| Free fatty acids in blood bind to ________ | serum albumin |
| Plasma membrane transporters of target tissues move __________ into cells. | FFA |
| Transport of fatty acids into Mitochondria requires __ATP, and CoA. Transport via ________ shuttle. | 2ATP Carnitine shuttle |
| Oxidation of fatty acids happens in what 3 stages. | Beta Oxidation-->Citric Acid Cycle--->Electron transfer chain |
| Beta Oxidation has ___ enzymatic steps (___ of them oxidative. It results in formation of _________. | 4 and 2 Acetyl-CoA |
| Put in order for Beta Oxidation: Palmitoyl-CoA(Any fatty acid), B-Ketoacyl-CoA, Enoyl-CoA, L-B-Hydroxyacyl-Coa, Acetyl CoA | Palmitoyl-CoA-->Enoyl-CoA--->L-B-Hydroxyacyl-CoA-->B-Ketoacyl-CoA--Acetyl-CoA |
| What is the intermediate of each of the four steps of Beta Oxidation and what Vitamin are they dependent of? | 1-FADtoFADH2 (Riboflavin dependent) 2-H2O 3-NAD+toNADH (Niacin Dependent) 4-CoA-SH (pantothenic Acid) |
| What are the four enzymes used in each step of beta oxidation? | 1-Acyl CoA dehydrogenase 2-Enoyl CoA Hydratase 3-B-Hydroxyayl-CoA dehydrogenase 4-Thiolase |
| In oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids _ double bond(s) are processed at a time and naturally occurring ___-configuration has to be converted to ____. | one double bond cis to trans |
| Trans-fatty acids metabolized more like _____ fatty acids? | saturated |
| Odd number fatty acids are _____ common than even number fatty acids. | less |
| Propionate is the _____ of glucose. | fermentation |
| In 3 enzymatic steps (carboxylation, 2 rearrangement of substituents) ____-CoA is converted to succinyl-CoA | Propionyl |
| ATP yield from Glycerol = ____ ATP/Glycerol | 16.5-18.5 |
| Fate of Glycerol (Glycerol-->L-Glycerol-3-phosphate-->dihydroxyacetone phosphate---> ______) | D-Glyceraldehyde-3-P |
| Gluconeogenesis happens in ________. | Liver |
| Ketosis means high ammounts of _____ in blood and urine. normally 3mg/ml vs ___mg/ml This leads to high amounts of ______ which is toxic | Ketones 90 acetone |
| Ketones are formed from ____ (if it builds up or if not enough of it) | Acetyl-CoA |
| Ketones are formed in the ________ in hepatocytes. | matix of mitochondria |
| Ketone bodies originally refered to as not very _______ compounds. | soluble |
| Ketones are exported to extrahepatic tissue for __________. | energy production |
| Fate of Ketones produces _______ in smaller amounts which is mainly exhaled | acetone |
| Acetoacetate is transported to extrahepatic tissue such as ________ during the catabolism of ketones. | skeletal muscle, heart, renal cortex, brain. |
| In the end ketones are converted to _______ and used for energy production. | acetyl-CoA |
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