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ANAT1051 Test 1
Chapters 11-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4 Types Of Tissues | Epithelial, Connective, Muscular and Nervous |
| Features of Epithelial Tissue | Secretion, Absorption, Filtration & Excretion |
| Basement Membrane: What is it? Composed of? | Joins and defines epithelium and connective tissue. Composed of: Basal Lamina, reticular lamina. |
| Tight Junction | Solid barrier. Zipper Fastening. eg. Urine stays within kidney because of tight junction |
| Gap Junction | Gaps between. Sugars and ions can pass through junction. |
| Adhesion Junction | Do not touch. Held together by filaments. Enhances strength of tissue i.e. Skin. |
| 4 Types of Connective Tissue | CT Proper, Cartilage, Bone, Blood |
| CT Proper: Loose Features.. Found in.. | Supports epithelium & organs. Allows organs to expand & protects. Contain Fibroblasts. Found: Lungs, arteries & bladder |
| CT Proper: Dense Types | Regular: Tendons & Ligaments Irregular: Surround joints & organs Elastic: Large arteries |
| Cartilage Features | Lie in the lacuna, lacks blood supply, lacks nerves |
| Three Types of Cartilage & Where are they found | 1) Hyaline: Found: Nose & ends of long bones. 2) Elastic: Found: Ear. 3) Fibrocartilage: Found: Between backbone vertebrae. |
| Bone Features | Lie in the lacuna, matrix with calcium salts. Protects, supports, mineral storage, blood formation |
| Two Types of Bones | 1) Compact 2) Spongy |
| Components of Blood & their functions | 1) Plasma 2) Formed Elements - Red BC Carry oxygen - White BC Fight infection - Platelets Blood Clotting |
| Three Types of Muscular Tissue | Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac |
| Skeletal: Function, Voluntary or Involuntary, Appearance | - Muscles attached to Skeleton - Voluntary - Striped & Multinuclear |
| Smooth: Location, Voluntary or Involuntary, Appearance | - Blood vessels & walls of digestive tact - Involuntary - Spindle Shaped, Single nuclear |
| Cardiac: Location, Voluntary or Involuntary, Appearance | - Wall of heart - Involuntary - Stripped & Single nuclear |
| Neurons: Location, Function, Appearance | - Found: Brain and spinal cord - Conduct Impulses - Made up of Cell body, dendrites and axon. |
| Types of Homeostasis: How they work? | Negative Feedback: Body keeps internal environment to a set point by pushing itself in opposite state of environment. Positive Feedback: Brings body into a greater change into the same direction. |
| Homeostasis and Body Systems: 4 Types | Transport System: Cardiovascular System. Maintenance System: Respiratory System, Digestive System, Kidneys. Support System: Integumentary System, Skeletal, Muscular. Control System: Nervous System. |
| Local and Systemic Disease | Local: In one part of body Systemic: Throughout entire body |
| Acute and Chronic Disease | Acute: Occurs suddenly, short duration Chronic: Long term, develops slowly |
| Three Types of Blood Vessels | 1) Arteries & Arterioles. 2) Capillaries. 3) Veins and Venules. |
| Systemic: Arteries carry _____________ and veins _____________. Opposite is true for ___________ system | Systemic: Arteries carry oxygen rich blood and veins carry oxygen poor. Opposite is true for pulmonary system |
| Arteries carry blood __________ from heart | Away |
| Three Layers of Arteries | Inner layer: Endothelium Middle layer: Thickest layer, contains smooth muscle and elastic tissue. This layer controls blood pressure. Outer layer: fibrous and loose connective tissue |
| Capillaries join ___________ to ___________ | Join arterioles to venules |
| Aereriovenous Shuts... | Allow blood to skip capillaries |
| Veins have the same three layers as arteries but... | Middle layer is much less thick, allowing more blood to flow through. |
| Myocardium | Major portion of heart, mainly cardiac muscle |
| Pericardium | Membrane that surrounds heart and secretes fluid |
| Endocardium | Membrane made of connective tissue and endothelium that lines inner surface of heart. |
| Atrioventricular Valves | Between atrium and ventricle. Called Tricuspid and Bicuspid |
| Semilunar Valves | Between Ventricle and vessels |
| Blood must travel __________ the ________ to get from the _______ side to the ______ side of the heart. | Blood must travel through the lungs to get from the right side to the left side of the heart. |
| Path of Blood through the Heart | Vena cava, right atrium, Tricuspid valve, right ventricle, semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valves, left ventricle, semilunar valves, aorta, body |
| Systole & Diastole | Systole: Contraction of the Heart Diastole: Relaxation of the Heart |
| Heart Sounds: Lup Dup | - Lup: Atrioventricular valves closing - Dup: Semilunar Valves closing |
| Pulmonary Cucuit | Blood from body goes into the right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary arterioles, pulmonary capillaries (blood oxygenated), pulmonary venules, pulmonary veins, left atrium. |
| Systemic Curcuit | Left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, systemic arteries, systemic arterioles, systemic capillaries (blood oxygen poor), systemic venules, vena cava, right atrium. |
| Plasma Composed of... | Water, Plasma Proteins: Albumin, Antibodies and Fibrinogen, Salts, Gases, Nutrients, Nitrogenous Wastes. |
| Five Types of White Blood Cells | Neutrophilis Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes |
| Features of Red Blood Cells | -Made in red bone marrow -Lack nucleus -Contain Hemoglobin -Life span is 120 days -Heme broken down into bilirubin, which is excreted through digestive and urinary tract. |
| Features of White Blood Cells | - Nucleated - Lack Hemoglobin - Able to slip out of capillaries and treat surrounding tissues |
| Neutrophils | Eat bacteria, they are the garbage collectors |
| Basophils | Release histamine, responsible for allergy symptoms |
| Eosinophils | Fight parasitic worms |
| Lymphocytes | Found in lymphoid tissue, T cells – Fight virus infected cells and tumors B cells – Introduce antibodies into blood |
| Monocytes | Largest WBC, they leave blood stream and change into mobile macrophages and dendritic cells, which eat and clean viruses, bacteria and infections. |
| Osmotic Pressure and Hydrostatic Pressure | O: Makes water move from tissue to blood H: Makes water move from blood to tissue |
| Lymphatic System Functions | - Contributes to homeostasis - Returning excess fluid to bloodsteam - Helps defend body against disease |
| Lymphatic Organs | - Contain: Lymphocytes, B & T Red Bone Marrow: Blood cell production. Where B cells mature Thymus Gland: Where T Cells Mature Spleen: Cleanses blood Lymph Nodes: Cleanses Lymph |
| Innate Immunity | First barriers, not specific. |
| Forms of Innate Immunity | - Physical and Chemical Barriers - Inflammation - Phagocytes and Natural Killer Cells - Protective Proteins - Fever |
| Physical and Chemical Barriers: | - Skin and mucous membranes - Cilia - Oil glands - Stomach and Vagina acid |
| How Inflammatory Reaction Works | Mass cells & damaged tissue release hisamine which causes capillaries to dialate increase blood flow. Monocytes from blood cells come into tissue & become Macrophages & dendrites, then they eat. Then produce cytokines, which draw wBC to tissue. Clots |
| Natural Killer Cells | Destroy some virus-infected cells and cancer cells by cell-by-cell contact. |
| Acquired Immunity | - Specific against a virus. - Take about 5-7 days to become active - B and T cells |
| Characteristics of B Cells | - Produce antibodies - Produced and mature in bone marrow - Recognize antigen and clone itself. Can clone into antibody secreting plasma cells or memory B cells. |
| Classes of T Cells Where produced and mature | Produced in bone marrow and mature in thymus Classes: Th Cells (Helper) -Stimulate Tc Cells and B Cells Tc Cells (Killer) -Kill virus and cancers Memory Cells: -Provide long-term immunity (B clones) T reg Cells |
| why does a fever happen? | Body temp increases to kill bacteria and stimulate enzymes to work harder. |
| Compliment System | Group of plasma proteins, puncture hole in bacteria and apoptosis occurs |
| Phagocytic Cells | Neutrophils and Monocytes (Macrophages & Dendrites) |
| How antibodies work | Antibodies bind to antigen and signal immune system. Activating phagocytic cells and call on complement proteins. |
| How B cells work | B Cells have BCR on outside, for specific antigen and becomes activated when binded. To fight it makes many copies of itself, plasma cells and memory B cells. Plasma cells identical to B cell, but releases b cell receptor to outside, antibody. |
| T Helper Cells | Have TCR, cannot recognize antigens unless presented to it. Phagocytic (antigen presenting ) cell have MHC class 2 that presents material to Th Cell. Th recognizes antigen & MHC class 2. Tc activated makes cytokines. Cytokines can stimulate B cells or Tc |
| Cytotoxic T Cell | If body cell infected by virus, MHC class 1 will show viral proteins. Tc is activated will see its specific antigen and MHC class 1 virus molecule. Tc cell now produces perferint and granzymes, they poke holes in cell and cause cell apoptosis. |
| Antibody made of... | Variable region and constant region |
| Acquired Immunity | Activated through directly getting virus or vaccine |
| Passive Immunity | When baby gets antibodies through breast milk from mom |
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