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AS & A2 Devices
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Semantics | The exploration of meanings that can be found in a text |
| Litotes | Understatement, especially that in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary, as in "not bad at all" |
| Lexis | Words and patterns of words |
| Pragmatics | The ways that meaning in a text can work beyond their apparent surface meaning |
| Discourse | The way a text is constructed, thread of the ideas, the voice, the constructions that link the constituent elements |
| Phonology | The way that sound can contribute to the overall effect of a text |
| Turn-taking | How people take turns in a conversation illustrated many things about their relationship to each other |
| Status | How people relate to each other |
| Overt purpose/implied purpose | The text as opposed to the subtext; what the conversation is apparently about and what it is really trying to achieve |
| Audience | Who the conversation is aimed at. This can be implied or real. |
| Register | Formality and informality |
| Ellipsis | Parts of words, sentences etc. being missed out - in natural speech sometimes hesitations, but also because the listener understands what the speaker is going to say |
| Lexis | Vocabulary, word choice |
| Active listening | Phrases that encourage the speaker |
| Conversational markers | Phrases that draw in the listener by asking for approval |
| Linear | Speech that proceeds from A to B without hesitation - rare in genuine conversations |
| Anaphoric reference | Reference that refers back to something in a previous sentence without which the second sentence cannot be understood |
| Pragmatics | Roughly, what the speaker really means rather than the literal meaning of the words |
| Deixis | Demonstrative reference. Perhaps the most common as 'place deixis', e.g. this, that, there, here |
| Asyndeton | Consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases or clauses. |
| Polysyndeton | The use of a conjuction between each word, phrase, or clause, and is thus structurally the opposite of asyndeton. |
| Anaphora | The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses. |
| Epistrophe (or antistrophe) | The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses. |
| Anadiplosis | Repetition of the last word of one phrase, clause, or sentence at or very near the beginning of the next. |
| Hyperbaton | Departure from normal word order. |
| Parenthesis | A word, phrase or whole sentence inserted as an aside in the middle of another sentence |
| Parallelism | Recurrent suntactical similarity. |
| Chiasmus | 'Reverse parallelism';in which the second part of a grammatical construction is balanced or paralleled by the first part, only in reverse. |
| Scesis Onamaton | Emphasises an idea by expressing it in a string of generally synonymous phrases or statements. |
| Aposiopesis | Stopping abruptly and leaving a statement unfinished. |
| Symploce | Combining anaphora and epistophe, so that one word or phrase is repeated at the beginning and another word or phrase is repeated at the end of successive phrases, clauses or sentences. |
| Adjacenecy pairs | A term relating to the structure of spoken language, indicating a sequence of utterances that form a recognisable structure. |
| Chaining | The linking together of adjacency pairs to form a conversation. |
| Insertion sequence | A feature occurring in spoken discourse where the original conversation is suspended because of an interruption caused by a speech sequence from another source. When the interruption has been dealth with, the original speech sequence resumes. |
| Tag question | An interrogative structure added to the end of a sentence which requires a reply. |
| Sentential adverb | A single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal syntax, used t olend emphasis to the words immediately proximate to the adverb. |
| Diazeugma | Single subject with multiple verbs. |
| Antithesis | Establishes a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them, often in parallel structure. |
| Conduplicatio | Similar to anadiplosis, but repeats a key word (rather than the last word) from a precending phrase, clause, or sentence, at the beginning of the next. |
| Epanalepsis | Repetition of the beginning word of a clause or sentence at the end. |
| Hypophora | Raising one or more questions then proceeding to answer them, usually at some length. |
| Erotesis | Rhetorical question. |
| Procatalepsis | Anticipating an objection and answering it, allowing an argument to continue forward while taking into account points or reasons opposing either the train of thought or its final conclusions. |
| Metabasis | A brief statement of what has been said and what will follow. |
| Distinctio | Explicit reference to a particular meaning or to the various meanings of a word, in order to remove or prevent ambiguity |
| Amplification | Repeating a word or expression while adding more detail to it, in order to emphasise what might otherwise be passed over. |
| Praeteritio | Asserts or emphasises something by pointedly seeming to pass over, ignore, or deny it. |
| Metanoia | Qualifies a statement by recalling it (or part of it) and expressing it in a better, milder, or stronger way. |
| Aporia | Expresses doubt about an idea or conclusion. |
| Catachresis | An extravagant, implied metaphor using words in an alien or unusual way. |
| Synecdoche | A type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part, the genus for the species or vice-versa etc. |
| Anaphoric reference | Referring to something you previously stated |
| Epithet | An adjective or phrase appropriate qualifying a subject by naming a key or important characteristic of the subject |
| Antiphrasis | One word irony, established by context. |
| Epizeuxis | Repitition of one word for emphasis. |
| Enumeratio | Detailing parts, causes, effects or consequences to make a point more forcibly. |
| Antanogoge | Placing a good point or benefit next to a fault, criticism, or probelm in order to reduce the impact or significance of the negative point. |
| Sententia | A maxim or wise saying |
| Pleonasm | Using more words than required to express an idea |
Created by:
englishpoobah
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