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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List and locate the functional areas of each lobe of the cerebral hemispheres. State the function of each of these areas. | cerebral hemisphere-center of consciousness motor areas-(frontal lobe)-conscious control of skeletal muscle |
| What is the primary motor cortex? | SOMATIC MOTOR AREA -precentral gyrus of frontal lobe -conscious control of skeletal muscles -Left 1 degree motor gyrus controls right side of body, vice versa |
| What does the premotor cortex do? | It helps with LEARNED motor skills such as TYPING. WOW, if I didn't have my premotor cortex functioning, I wouldn't be able to type these flash cards! |
| What is Broca's Area? What does the frontal eyefield do? | Broca's area helps with muscles for SPEECH The frontal eyefield helps with EYE movements. |
| SENSORY AREAS What is the primary somatosensory cortex? | It's a somatic sensory area. 1. Post central gyrus of parietal lobe 2. Sensory input from receptors in skin, skeletal muscles and joints. 3. Right 1 degree sensory gyrus receives from left side of body, vice versa. |
| What is the somatosensory association area? | It's the understanding of somatic sensory inputs. |
| What is the visual cortex? | 1. Primary visual cortex of occipital lobe 2. Visual association area. |
| What is the auditory cortex? | It's the primary auditory cortex of temporal lobe. Also the auditory association area. |
| What is the olfactory cortex? | It consists of the medial aspects of temporal lobes. Prefrontal cortex w/ connections to all minor association areas-> initiates major responses based on intelligence and personality!!! |
| What are the three major parts of the Diencephalon? | Thalamus-sensory inputs are grouped and relayed to appropriate area of cerebral hemispheres. Hypothalamus-controls complex visceral reflexes. Epithalamus-pineal gland-secretes melatonin. |
| What is the function of the infundibulum? | 1. It connects hypophysis, control of hormone secretion by pituitary gland. |
| What is the functions of the HYPOTHALAMUS? | 1. Regulates ANS-heart, vessels, GI tract. 2. Inputs from cerebral cortex concerned with emotions and causes changes in visceral activities assocated with fear, rage etc. |
| What are the rest of the functions of the HYPOTHALAMUS? | 3. Body temperature regulation. 4. Regulation of food intake. 5. Regulation of water balance and thirst. 6. Regulation of sleep-wake cycles |
| State the functions of the reticular formation. | Scattered throughout the brainstem is a group of nuclei collectively called the reticular formation. |
| What does the reticular formation do? | The reticular formation plays important regulatory functions in the brain. It's particularly involved in regulating cyclical motor functions such as respiration, walking, and chewing. |
| Discuss the circulation of CSF. | CSF bathes the brain and spinal cord, providing a protective cushion around the CNS. It's produced by the CHOROID plexuses, specialized structures made of ependymal cells, which are located in the ventricles. |
| Discuss the circulation of CSF. | CSF fills the brain ventricles, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the subararachnoid space. The CSF flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle and then through the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle. |
| Discuss the circulation of CSF. | A small amount of CSF enters the central canal of the spinal cord. The CSF exits from the fourth ventricle through small openings in its walls and roof and enters the subarachnoid space. |
| Continue to discuss the circulation of CSF. | Masses of arachnoid tissue called ARARCHNOID granulations, penetrate into the superior sagittal sinus, a dural venus sinus in the longitudinal fissure, and CSF passes from the subarachnoid space into blood through these granulations. |
| Dicuss the location of the ventricles. | Fluid-filled cavities in CNS= VENTRICLES Small in some areas, large in others. Each cerebral hemisphere contains a relatively large cavity called the lateral ventricle. |
| Discuss the location of ventricles. | The third ventricle is a smaller mid line cavity located in the center of the Diencephalan btwn the 2 halves of the thalamus and is connected by foramina (holes) to the lateral ventricles. The 4th ventricle is located at the base of the cerebellum. |
| Location of ventricles. | The 4th ventricle is connected to the 3rd ventricle by a narrow canal, called the cerebral aqueduct. The 4th ventricle is continuous withe the central canal of the spinal cord. The 4th ventricle also opens into the subararchnoid space through foramina. |
| Discuss the function of the Limbic System. | Connected to Hypothalamus- -A primitive part of the brain involved in visceral and emotional response and in the response to ODOR. |
| What is the Limbic System? | The olfactory cortex and certain deep cortical regions and nuclei of the cerebrum and diencephalan are grouped together under LS. The LS responds to olfactory stimulation by initiating responses necessary for survival-hunger and thirst. |
| What does the LS do? | It influences memory, emotions, visceral responses to emotions, motivation and mood. |
| List the functions of the medulla oblongata. | It's the most inferior portion of the brainstem and is continuous with the spinal cord. It extends from the level of the foramen magnum to the pons. It contains discrete nuclei w/ specific functions such as regulation of heart rate. |
| What is so special about the medulla oblongata? | -Blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, balance and coordination. 1. Decussation-descending and ascending fibers crossover. -cardiac center -vasomotor center -respiratory center |
| Describe and explain the function of BBB. | BBB-Cellular and matrix barrier made up primarily of blood vessel endothelium, with soem help from surrounding astrocytes. It allows some small substances to pass from the circulation into the brain. No large substances allowed to pass. |
| State the location of the dendrites, axon and soma of sensory neurons of the spinal cord. | The Dorsal Root contains sensory axons. The cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons are in the Dorsal Root Ganglia (soma). The axons of these neurons originate in the periphery of the body. |
| State the location of the dendrites, axon and soma of sensory neurons of the spinal cord. | They pass through spinal nerves and the dorsal roots to posterior horn of spinal cord gray matter. In PH, the axons either synapse with interneurons or pass through white matter. |
| State the location of the dendrites, axon and soma of motor neurons of the spinal cord. | The cell bodies of motor neurons, which supply muscles and glands, are located in the anterior and lateral horns of the spinal cord gray matter. Somatic motor neurons are in the anterior horn and autonomic neurons are in the lateral horns. ventral root-mn |
| State the location of the dendrites axon and soma of association neurons. | POSTERIOR HORNS |
| Name and locate the major fissures sulci and gyri of the cerebral hemispheres. | Longitudinal fissure-separates hemispheres (left and right) Gyri-numerous folds which greatly increase the surface area of the cortex Sulci-intervening grooves Transverse fissure-separates hemispheres from cerebellum |
| Name and locate the major fissures sulci and gyri of the cerebral hemispheres. | Central sulcus-sepatates frontal and parietal lobes Parietooccipital sulcus-separates parietal and occipital lobes Lateral sulcus-outlines temporal lobe Temporal lobe-separated from rest of cerebrum by lateral fissure |
| Describe the efferent pathways of the autnomic and somatic nervous systems. | Somatic motor neuron cell bodies are located in the CNS, and their axons extend from there to SKELETAL muscle. Axons from autonomic motor neurons DO NOT extend all the way from CNS to target tissue. Instead, two neurons in series extend from CNS to targe |
| List target organs of the autonomic NS and target organs of the somatic NS. | Autonomic- Preganglionic neuron-originate in CNS Postganglionic neuron-smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, GI neurons Somatic- skeletal muscle single neuron originating in CNS. |
| Classify receptors according to the stimulus-type to which each responds. | mechanoreceptors-pressure-touch thermoreceptors-temperature photoreceptors-light chemorecptors-dissolved chemicals nociceptors-tissue injury/pain Location- a.exteroceptors b.visceroceptors c. proprioceptors |
| List the cranial nerves and the functions controlled by each. | Olfactory (1)-smell Optic (2)-vision Oculomotor (3)-eye muscles Troclear (4)- eye mucles trigeminal (5)-general sensation of face; mastication Abducens (6)-eye muscles Facial (7)-facial muscles, inferior salivary and lacrimal glands, taste |
| List the cranial nerves and the functions controlled by each. | Vestibulocochlear (8)-equilibrium, hearing Glossopharyngeal-(9)-swallowing/ (pharyngeal and tongue muscles) superior salivary glands, BP receptors in carotid Vagus (10)-sensory and motor fibers of viscera, larynx Accessory (11)-neck muscles |
| What does the Hypoglossal nerve do? | 12th nerve-tongue muscles |
| List the structures of the peripheral nervous system. | The PNS consists of all the nerves and ganglia located outside the brain and SC. The PNS collects information from numerous sources both inside and on the surface of the body and relays it by way of sensory fibers to the CNS, where info is ignored, |
| List the structures of the peripheral nervous system. | triggers a reflex, or is evaluated more extensively. Motor fibers in teh PNS relay info from CNS to muscles and glands. |
| List and describe the Meninges. State their locations. | Meninges-3 connective tissue membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. Dura mater-dural sinuses (thickest) Arachnoid mater-(thin)-subarachnoid space, CSF-arachnoid villi Pia mater-adheres to surface-tightly bound to surface of b |
| Describe a cross-section of the spinal cord, including an associated spinal nerve. | A cross section of the spinal cord reveals that the cord consists of a peripheral white matter portion and a central gray matter portion. White matter-ventral column, dorsal column, lateral column Gray matter-shaped like H-posterior and anterior horns |
| State the source and function of CSF. | CSF-fluid filling the ventricles and surrounding the brain ans SC. -Bathes the brain ans SC, providing a protective CUSHION around the CNS. It's produced by the choroid plexuses, which are located in ventricles. -CSF fills the brain ventricles, CC, sub- |
| State the function of the adrenal medulla and its effect on physiology. | The inner part of the adrenal gland; which secretes mainly epinephrine but small amounts of norepinephrine. -Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released in response to stimulation by the sympathetic NS, which becomes most active when a person is excited. |
| State the function of the adrenal medulla and its effect on physiology. | Responses to hormones from the adrenal medulla reinforce the effect of the sympathetic division of AUTONOMIC NS. -physical activity -fight/flight response -produce many responses to stress!!! |
| State the length of the spinal cord. | Men-45 cm long Women-43 cm long The length of the spinal cord is much shorter than length of bony spinal column. Extends down to only last of thoracic vertebrae. |
| Define the functional areas of the spinal cord, include the tracts, horns, roots and ganglia. | Spinal Cord-foramen magnum to L1; important reflex center for control of automatic muscle activity, ascending and descending tracts. |
| What do the Grey Matter projections consist of? | 1. Posterior horns w/ association neurons 2. Anterior horns w/ somatic motor neurons 3. Lateral horns, thoracic and lumbar regions, ANS (sympathetic) motor neurons |
| What do the White Matter projections consist of? | 1. Ascending Tracts-axons carrying sensory impulses to the brain 2. Descending Tracts-axons carrying motor impulses from the brain -Dorsal Roots--fibers of sensory neurons Dorsal Root Ganglia (spinal ganglia)-soma of sensory neurons |
| What do the White Matter projections consist of? (Contd.) | Ventral Roots-fibers of motor neurons A SPINAL NERVE is a fushion of ventral and dorsal roots-----------31 pairs central canal-fluid-filled space in center of SC. |
| Define sensory, motor and mixed nerves. Give examples. | Sensory nerves-supply sensory innervation to the skin overlying those muscles-EXAMPLE-Optic Nerve Motor Nerves-derived from plexuses. Innervate skeletal muscles-EXAMPLE-abducent, troclear, oculomotor Mixed Nerves-contains axons of both s&m-Ex sciati |
| Discuss a simple REFLEX ARC mediated by the spinal cord. | A reflex arc is the neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs. The reflex arc is the basic functional unit of the NS because it's the smallest, simplest pathway capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response. |
| Discuss the steps of a SIMPLE REFLEX ARC and give an example of one- | 1. Sensory Receptor 2. Sensory Neuron 3. Interneurons 4. Motor Neuron 5. Effector ORGAN Example-Person's finger touching a hot stove!!! WATCH OUT! |
| Name and locate the major areas of the brain. | Cerebral Hemispheres- 1. Diencephalan-btwn brainstem and cerebrum A. Thalamus-largest part of diencephalan B. Hypothalamus-most inferior part of D. C. Epithalamus-sm. area superior-n-posterior to thalamus |
| Name and locate the major areas of the brain. (Contd.) | Brainstem-connects spinal cord to remainder of brain 1. Midbrain-superior to pons 2. Pons-immediately superior to medulla 3. Medulla Oblongata-most inferior portion of brainstem Cerebellum-this is attached to brainstem |
| List the functions of the major areas of the brain. | Cerebral Hemispheres--- Diencephalan-main components-part of the brain inferior to and nearly surrounded by cerebrum. Thalamus-shaped like a yo-yo_influences mood(I gotta work on my thalamus)-and registers an unlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pai |
| List the functions of the major areas of the brain. | Hypothalamus-controls COMPLEX VISCERAL REFLEXES Epithalamus-pineal gland-SECRETES MELATONIN Brainstem-connects spinal cord to the remainder of brain -control of heart reate, blood pressure and breathing Midbrain-Tracts to sc and cerebellum-CEREBRA |
| List the functions of the major areas of the brain. | Corpora Quadrigemina- contains nuclei involved in the coordination of eye movements and in pupil diameterand lens shape. Pons- RESPIRATORY CENTERS Ascending and Descending tracts connecting cerebellum, SC and cerebral cortex |
| List the functions of the major areas of the brain. | Medulla Oblongata-Blends with spinal cord at Foramen Magnum -DECECUSSATION-descending and ascending fibers crossover -cardiac center -vasometer center -Respiratory center |
| What is the special function of the cerebellum? | Cerebellum- -Inputs from cerebral motor cortex and skeletal muscle receptors -Controls and REFINES complex, somatic activities (posture) by comparing sensory inputs with motor outputs, and makes adjustments to the cerebral cortex to maintain balance |
| Define Proprioceptor. | Innervate joints, tendons, and muscles, providing information about the position of body parts. 1. Proprioceptive signals from the skeletal muscles and joints to the cerebellum convey info concerning the status of the muscles and the structure being mo |
| Define proprioceptor. | being moved during contraction. 2. The cerebellum compares the info from the motor cortex to the proprioceptive info from the skeletal muscles and joints. |
| Describe the gross structure of the spinal cord. | 1. Dorsal (SENSORY) Root, Dorsal Root Ganglion and Ventral (MOTOR) Root 2. Spinal Nerve-arise along the spinal cord from the union of dorsal and ventral roots. 3. Central Canal-fluid-filled space in center of cord. |
| Using examples, discuss adaptation of receptors. | RECEPTORS are sensory nerve endings or specialized cells capable of responding to stimuli by developing action potentials. EXAMPLES- Mechanoreceptors-bending or stretching of receptors Nociceptors-respond to stimuli that result in the sensation of pa |
| Describe and state the significance of the sensory HOMUNCULUS and motor HOMUNCULUS. | It's the BODY within the brain- The resulting image is a grotesquelly disfigured human with disproportionately huge hands, lips and face in comparison to rest of the body. Because of fine motor skills and sense nerves found in these particular parts... |
| Explain HOMUNCULUS. | parts of the body, they are represented as being larger on the HOMUNCULUS. FEWER= smaller!!!! It's a physical representation of primary sensory motor cortex. |
| List the areas of the brain stem. | The brain stem connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain. -black nuclear mass-substantia nigra -medulla oblongata -pons Several nuclei involved in heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. DORSAL-4 mounds called collulici. |
| List the major functions of the Hypothalamus. | The Hypothalamus is the most inferior part of the d. and contains several small nuclei which are impt. in maintaining HOMEOSTASIS. -emotional responses to odor and in memory -control of body temperature -hunger/thirst -sexual pleasure |
| List the major functions of the Hypothalamus. | -feeling "good" after a meal -fear -feeling hungry as a result of depression -secretes hormones from pituitary gland -emotional responses-nervous perspiration |
| Describe and state the function of the choroid plexus. | Specialized group of ependymal cells in the Ventricles-------------secretes CSF |
| What controls the involuntary muscles | THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM |
| Discuss the function of the Cerebellum. | A part of the brain attached to the brainstem; important in maintaining muscle tone, balance, and coordination of movements. REFINES SOMATIC COMPLEX ACTIVITIES!!!! |
| What is the function of the AUTONOMIC Nervous System? | The part of the peripheral ns composed of efferent fibers that reach from the CNS to smooth muscle, and glands Divided into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions--Hmmmm...Friday night-autonomic NS kicked in .... |
| Classify receptors according to location in the body. | Mechanoreceptors-airways and parenchyma Chemoreceptors-tastebuds Photoreceptors-front side of retina Thermoreceptors-skin-temperature changes Nociceptors-respond to stimuli that result in sensation of pain-connective tissue and vascular structure. |
| Classify receptors according to location in the body. | Touch Receptors-structurally more complex than free-Nerve endings Follicle Receptors-associated with hairs--DETECTS LIGHT TOUCH dermal papillae |
| State the function of the Somatic Nervous System. | Transmits action potentials from CNS to skeletal muscles. |
| List the organs innervated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems and state the effects of each system on the organs innervated. | Parasympathetic:rest and digestion 1. Preganglionic motor fibers travel to a terminal ganglion (located close to effector organ) 2. Synapses w/ postganglionic neuron (short) which synapses w/ effector (no innervation to b vessels, sweat glands, ad medul |
| Continuation of the para sympathetic NS functions- | Cranial Outflow a. (III) eyes (VII) (Lacrimal and salivary glands) (IX) (salivary glands) b. (X) Contains 75% of body's parasympathetic preganglionic fibers, ventral cavity viscera (heart, lungs, GI tract) Sacral Outflow -Pelvic Nerves -lg intne/ge |
| State the function of the SYMPATHETIC division of the Nervous System. | STRESS!!!! Fight or Flight!!!!!!!! 1. Preganglionic motor fibers travel through ventral root to spinal nerve, to sympathetic chain ganglia or collateral ganglia. 2. Preganglionic cell bodies in lateral horns of SC in thoracolumnar region |
| What is Melatonin? | A peptide hormone produced by the pineal gland that influences sleep-wake cycles and other circadian rhythms. |
| State the function of the SYMPATHETIC division of the Nervous System. | 3. Post ganglionic fibers travel to skin (smooth muscles of vessels, sweat glands, arrector pilli) and smooth muscle of vessels in skeletal muscle. |
| State the function of the SYMPATHETIC division of the Nervous System. | 4. Postganglionic fibers travel to eye, heart, lungs salivary glands 5. Postganglionic fibers travel to abdominopelvic viscera (bladder, uterus) 6. Pathway to adrenal medulla-pregang pass directly to ad medulla 7. Fibers synapse w/ medullary cells EP-N |
| What is Hypoesthesia? | A dulled sensitivity to touch? |
| Describe Hypertonic? | A state of greater than normal tension or of incomplete relation in muscles. |
| What is the medial bone in the distal row of carpal bones of the wrist? | HAMATE |
| What are Gross Motor Skills? | The group of motor skills including walking, running and throwing that require large muscle groups to produce the major action and require less precision than that exerted by small muscles. |
| Malleolar Groove | The groove on the anterior surface of the distal end of the tibia that lodges tendons of the tibialus posterior and flexor digitorum longus musculi. |
| What is a Goniometer | An apparatus to measure joint movements and angles. |
| What are fine motor skills? | Motor skills that require greater control of the small muscles than large ones expecially those needed for hand-eye coordination. |
| What is Fibromyalgia? | Chronic & frequently difficult to manage pain in muscles and soft tissues surrounding joints. Massage can help with the pain. |
| What bone extends from the hip to the knee and is the longest and strongest bone in the skeleton? | FEMUR |
| What is a form of physiotherapy devoted to improving limitations of range of motion, improving poor posture and relieving stress? | FELDENKRAIS |
| What is sub-acute? | A disease in which symptoms are less pronounced but more prolonged than in an acute disease; this type is between acute and chronic disease. |
| Craniosacral | Concerning the skull and the sacrum-Not the form of Bodywork. |
| What are Kidney Stones? | Calculi |
| What is the brainstem? | The stemlike part of the brain that connects the cerebralo hemispheres with the spinal cord. It is made up of the Medulla Oblongata, The Pons, and the Midbrain. |
| What is Bradycardia? | A slow heartbeat marked by a pulse rate below 60 beats per minute in an adult. |
| What is the main artery of the arm? | Brachial Artery |
| What is Brachialis? | A muscle of the arm lying immediately under the Biceps Brachii. |
| What is Brachial Plexus? | A network of the last four cervical and the first thoracic spinal nerves supplying the arm, forarm and the hand. |
| What is the 2nd cervical vertebra? | THE AXIS |
| What is Arthrokinematics? | Movement of the joint surfaces when a bone moves through a range of motion. (Roll, spin, glide) A necessary component of Osteokinematic (bone) movement. They are accessory motions that are not under the voluntary control of the client. |
| What is the inflammation of an articular cartilage? | ARTHROCHONDRITIS |
| What is pain in a joint called? | ARTHRALGIA |
| Which involuntary muscle fibers in the skin react to certain stimuli like cold or fright by raising the hairs? | ARRECTOR PILI |
| Apocrine Sweat Glands | Sweat Glands located in the Axillary and Pubic region that open into hair follicles instead of directly onto surface of skin. They appear after puberty. |
| What does the action of bacteria have on the material secreted by the Apocirine Glands? | Produce odor. |
| A flat fibrous sheet of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone or other tissues. | APONEUROSIS |
| The area on the anterior surface of the body overlying the heart and the lower part of the thorax. | ANTECARDIUM |
| What is Antecubital | In front of the elbow or at the bend of the elbow. |
| What is Anconitis? | Inflammation of the elbow joint |
| Describe Anconeal Fossa | The hollow on the distal end of the humerus, in which the Olecranon rests when the elbow is extended. |
| A small rounded elevation or eminence on a bone? | TUBERCLE |
| Who developed Swedish Massage? | Per Hendrik Ling |
| What is the muscle that closes the mouth and is the principle muscle in mastication. | MASSETER |
| What serves as the attachment for the Sterocleidomastoid, Splenius Capitis and Longissimus Capitus Muscle? | MASTOID PROCESS |
| What is Palliative Treatment? | Treatment designed for the relief of symptons of the disease rather than curing the disease. |
| Digested food is passed through the large intestine in what order? | Ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon. |
| What ia an immovable joint in which the bones come so close together that the Periosteums of the two bones fuse? | SYNARTHROSIS |
| What does the Lambdoidal Suture join? | The Parietal Bones & Occipital Bone. |
| What is the primary neurotransmitter of the Parasympathetic Nervous System? | Actycholine |
| The Phrenic Nerve is part of which Plexus? | Cervical |
| What is the part of the Cerebrum at the front of the head responsible for higher though processes, functions such as motor speech & behavior as well as impulse control and social abilities. Integrates emotions & decisions and is part of the CerebralCortex | FRONTAL LOBE |
| What region at the side of the Cerebral Cortex has the Primary Auditory Areas involved in assc with audition,speech,memories,hearing,smelling. | TEMPORAL LOBE |
| What is Outer Cerebrum? | Is concerned with the highest order of conscious function & integration of CNS. |
| What is the major part of the brain ,upper cranium,comprised of the two cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. | THE CEREBRUM-the largest part of the CNS. |
| What cloass of joints are freely movable? | DIARTHROSIS |
| What class of joint is slightly movable? | AMPHIARTHROSIS |
| What is an immovable joint? | SYNARTHROSIS |
| What (joints) bones are united by a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue and found in the skull? | SUTURES |
| What joints are fibrous joints and permit little or no movement? | Sutures,Syndesmoses,Gomphosis. |
| What kind of joint has a cavity and the bones forming the joint are united by a surrounding articular capsule? | SYNOVIAL JOINT |
| What two layers make up the Articular Capsule of Synovial Joints? | The fibrous capsule is the outer and the Synovial Membrane is the inner which secretes Synovial Fluid. |
| What propels fluid over the surface and /or allows cells to move? | Cilia/Flagella |
| What is charted as a Zebra striped pattern? | DERMATOMES |
| What are the 4 bones of the leg? | Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella |
| What are Talus, Calcaneous, Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiform,Medial, Intermediate & Lateral? | The 7 bones of the ankle joint |
| What is a triangular bone that forms the inferior and posterior Nasal Septum? | The Vomer Bone |
| What are the Maxilla, Zygomatic, Lacrimal, Nasal, Turbinate, Palatine, Mandible, Vomer Bones. | THE FACIAL BONES |
| In which Abdominal Pelvic Quadrant is the Sigmoid Flexure of the Colon? | Lower Left |
| Long Gliding Massage Strokes stimulate what system? | The Parasympathetic System |
| What type of glands are Gonads,Pituitary,Parathyroid,Thyroid, Pancreas & Adrenals. | They are 6 important Endocrine Glands. |
| The Vetebral Artery is vulnerable when doing what manipulation? | When massaging just below the Mastoid continuing down the neck. |
| Where does lymph return to circulation? | THE SUBCLAVIAN VEIN |
| What does the deep Peroneal Nerve innervate? | TIBIALIS ANTERIOR |
| Where do you find Articular Cartilage which is Hyaline Cartilage? | SURROUNDS SYNOVIAL JOINTS |
| What type of Cartilaginous Joints are found between the bodies fo the Vertabra & Public Area? | SYMPHYSES |
| How is the Cerebrum divided? | Two halves called Hemispheres. Each half is divided into four lobes |
| What ar ethe four lobes of the Cerebral Hemishperes? | FRONTAL,TEMPORAL,PARIETAL & OCCIPITAL |
| What are Engrams? | A particular pattern of Neural Activity that holds a memory. |
| What type of cartilage is Articular? | HYALINE |
| What are fibers packed together tightly like tendons & ligaments? | DENSE/FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE |
| What binds, fills in spaces between organs, especially adipose tissue. | LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE |
| What do Collagen Fibers form? | TENDONS & LIGAMENTS |
| What digests foreign material? | Lysosomes |
| What produces Connective Tissue Fibers? | FIBROBLASTS |
| What are simple: squamous,cuboidal,columnar & Pseudostratified columnar & stratified squamous, transitional & glandular tissue. | EPITHELIAL TISSUE |
| What does Golgi Apparatus do? | Package proteins made by Ribosomes. |
| What supports cells, holds organs together and is found in solid organs like Liver? | RETICULAR FIBERS |
| Where do you find Eccrine Sweat Glands? | EVERYWHERE |
| What oil gland keeps skin waterproof? | SEBACEOUS |
| What is the Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous Layer? | THE THREE LAYERS OF SKIN |
| What system protects, regulates temp, slows water loss,houses sensory apparatus,synthesizes chemicals,excretes some waste? | INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM |
| Myelin is associated with? | INSULATION |
| What does the Hyoid, Sternum/Ribs,All Vertebra & Skull make up? | THE AXIAL SKELETON |
| How many Ossices Bones are in the Axial Skeleton & where are they located? | THREE IN EACH MIDDLE EAR |
| What is the basic filtering unit of the kidney? | NEPHRON |
| A client has stress incontinence. Which bodywork method may be uncomfortable for them? | Compression to the lower abdomen |
| When do secondary sexual characteristics appear? | Puberty |
| Does the contraceptive method of using an intra-uterine device indicate a regional contraindication of massage? | YES |
| Stress reduction forms of bodywork would have the greatest therapuedic effect in what condition? | INFERTILITY |
| The stimulus with which the first noticible muscle contraction occurs is called the? | THRESHOLD STIMULUS |
| A muscle synergist to the Triceps Brachii is the? | ANCONEUS |
| Soreness experienced the day after resistance training with weights would follow which contraction? | ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION |
| A client is experiencing pain & reduced mobility int he shoulders for 3 weeks after beginning a new job in a factory that required static positioning of the lowe body and repetitive activity with the upper body. What is the likely classification of this. | Neuromuscular Dysfunction- 1st degree stage one functional tension |
| What wold be a reason the the accessory respiratory muscles to be strained in Emphysema? | Since the lungs hold residual air the chest becomes barrel shaped and the diaphragm & intercostals are not able to function efficiently. |
| The rhythmic contraction of the intestine is called? | Peristalsis |
| Hepatitis & Chirrosis are diseases of ? | LIVER |
| What type of food is broken down by amylase in the saliva? | Carbohydrates |
| If the mucus membrane that lines the abdominal cavity becomes inflamed then it is called? | Peritonitis |
| What is an essential organic compound to manufacture cholesterol based hormones? | Triglycerides |
| A client has eaten a meal that has resulted in intestinal gas. Massage methods to encourage what may help? | PARASYMPATHETIC DOMINANCE |
| What bone do these muscles attach to:extensor digitorium brevis, flexor digitorium brevis, quadratus plantae, abductor hallicus? | CALCANEUS |
| Bone injuries are the knee are very common. Which structure lies closest to a fractured lower end of femur? | Po;liteal Artery |
| What nerve gives sensory supply to the pericardium and diaphragm? | Phrenic Nerve |
| What gives motor supply to the diaphragm? | Phrenic Nerve |
| Which ligament prevents hyperextention of the knee and may be involved in locking of the joint? | Anterior Cruciate |
| Fracture of the hip usually occurs at? | Intertrochanteric line of the femur |
| The most anterior of the tendons passing behind the medial malleolus at the ankle is the? | Tibialis Posterior |
| Agenesis (incomplete or imperfect development) of which muscle is often associated with major clincal anomalies? | Pectoralis Major |
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