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ancients sport final
last test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| fictus ruminalis | the tree of the suckling |
| rome | was named Rome because romulous killed remus when he saw the birds first so he became the first king of the area |
| pomerium wall | remus kept jumping over line saying "I'm in rome, now im not", romus got annoyed and killed him, becoming king |
| the rape of the Sabine women | sabine had beautiful women, at the sporting event when Romus gave the word all the Romans snatched sabine women |
| "touches a womans heart" | romus says "honey words" (saying they were so smitten by their beauty) to justify taking woman and touches their heart making them okay with it |
| Titus Tatius and Tarpeia | Tarpeia asked for the gold bands on titus' left arm to look sabine, forgot about the shields and was beat to death by the shields |
| tarpia rock | a rock named after tarpeia where people who had committed treachery were thrown against |
| the plea of the wives and children | asked the sabine men and the romans to stop fighting because they wanted to raise their children in Rome where they ended up liking it |
| Regia | royal palace and house of the king, showed monarchy was set up |
| 1st king Romulus | 753-715 bc |
| 2nd king Numa Pompilius | 715-673 bc |
| 5th king Tarquinius Priscus | 617-579 bc |
| 7th king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (the Proud) | 535-510 bc |
| the rape of lucretiaa | was the only faithful and ideal wife of the soldiers, sextus tarqin (son of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus) rapes her and she then kills herself |
| tarquin collatinus | was the husband and soldier of lucrecia, vows to overthrow the monarchy because of what tarquin the greats son did to his wife |
| lucius brutus | cousin or tarqin, vows to also overthrow the monarchy |
| res publica | first roman republic |
| first two consols of the republic | tarquin collatinus & lucius brutus |
| Guals sack rome | led by brennus in the 390's, scale is rigged so that brennus get more money |
| vae victus | woe to the conquer |
| 1st samnite war | 343-341 bc |
| 2nd samnite war | 327-304/3 bc |
| 3rd samnite war | 298-290 bc |
| battle of caudine forks | painful lesson for romans in phalanx warfar by the samnites in 321 bc on a mountainous terrain |
| "under the yoke" | driven naked, like cattle, by the samnites, after battle of caudine forks |
| where does pyrrhus come from | epirus |
| pyrric victory | a victory that costs so much (men) it doesnt seem like an actual win |
| when tarentum needed help who did they ask? | alexander the greats second cousin pyrrhus |
| 1st punic war | 264-241 bc |
| when was veii sacked? | 396 bc |
| where did the punic wars take place | in carthage, north Africa |
| who governed syracuse | hiero II |
| why do the romans never find peace | Myth: dido cursed the romans because she felt like the was promised love that she never got Historians: socioeconomic reasons |
| Rome constructs a new fleet | 261 bc, impressive for its size |
| who are the victors of the first punic war | rome, only because the cathaginians ordered Hamilcar Barca not to deliver the last blow. wanted to save money on war ships for grain ships so they can continue along their trade routes |
| dates of second punic war | 218-201 bc |
| hannibal | one of the greatest generals antiquity had ever seen, forced into the role very early, started sleeping with the army in rough conditions at 9 |
| carthago nova | "new carthage" in present day spain, carthage lost many islands they traded with after the war but because of new territory they bounced back fast |
| 3 major battles in 2nd punic war | trebia (218), trasimene (217), cannae (216) |
| what great feat did hannibal do with his troops that still stumps historians | treks over the alps in 218 bc in the dead of winter, loses about a 1/3 of his men |
| the battle of trebia | romans army: 40,000 groups, romans lost 3/4th of their troops |
| what does magos detachment do to the romans | attacks the flank of the roman army when they leave their superior encampment to go attack Hannibal's army |
| battle of lake Trasimene | romans lost about 30.000 meant, 6,000 enslaved |
| the battle of Cannae | romes over confidence, 80,000 soldiers |
| Fabius maximus and attrition | completely alter the way the romans fight with hannibal, just wear down hannibals army |
| cannae | small fortress town |
| hannibals army at the battle of cannae | about 1/2 size of romans army, infantry in the century, calvary takes the wings, traps romans in a semi circle |
| outflanking the romans at battle of cannae | 70,000 romans perish, bloodiest battle in antiquity |
| romans regroup after battle of cannae | back to a war of attrition |
| publius cornelius scipio | (scipio africanus, scipio the elder) meets hannibal at Naraggara, a three day war march west of zama |
| the battle of zama 202 bc | injured war elephants are angry and confused and start attacking hannibals own men |
| upon hannibals return to carthage... | put in high government spot and brought carthage uo from the bottom |
| why was hannibal forced into exile | romans demand it once they become allies |
| what was the consualia in honor of | neptune and their horses |
| what happened at the consualia | all the sabine women were taken at the chariot races and all the sabine men ran off |
| circus maximus | the most popular place for chart races to take place, Tarquin the elder had to empty the swamp area of malaria, arena 12x size of colosseum |
| when did the chariot races at circus maximus become official | 366 bc |
| most popular chariot races | consualia (consus/neptune) and Equirria (mars) |
| what was different about the greeks and the roman/etruscans when chariot racing | the greeks held the reigns in their hands and steered this way, the roman/etruscans wrapped them around their body and steered with their body so they could hold a whip and a knife (could also maybe whip other charioteers |
| what protective gear was worn in chariot races | knife, crop or whip, leg wrappings, padded tunic |
| Biga | 2 horse team, smaller chariot used by younger and more inexperienced charioteers |
| quadriga | 4 horse team |
| what were the chariots made of | leather and wood |
| curus circensis | lighter chariot build for speed, not durable |
| how did they feel toward the horse | loved the horses more than the racers |
| horses for racing | usually started racing at 5 yrs, best were smaller lighter horses from africa |
| venationes | beast show |
| what did Ceasar do to the circus maximus | increased seating up to 150,000 spectators, adds moat to protect from beasts |
| what did agustus do for the circus maximus | added seating options for dignitaries |
| carceres | automated starting gates, added 329 bc, 12 total (some large enough for 20 total), 165 m from turning post |
| what was the spina | the column down the circus maximus, tilted slightly so it was not in the center (this relulted in lots of crashes, used to display statues gods and goddesses |
| metae | tuning posts in circus maximus, where lap counters were |
| when was the permanent amphitheater developed | late republic |
| wht entertainment was had at the amphitheater | water displays, venation's, gladiatorial |
| where was the amphitheater invented? | in campania |
| when was the first perpanant amitheater created? | 30 or 29 bc by T. Statilius Taurus, made of wood and stone, called "theatric kunegetikon", burned down in fire |
| flavian amphitheater | Colosseum, located at neros domus aurea "neros golden house", statue called colossus which transformed into the colosseum |
| what was the seating capacity at the amphitheater? | 45,000-55,000 |
| what was 12 meters underneath the arena? | storage for props, animals, housing things |
| cavea | where all of the roman spectators were seated |
| ima | lowest part of the cavea, reserved for senators, priest, royal family |
| media | middle part of the cavea |
| summa cavea | highest portion of cave, where woman and slaves sat (keep the woman as far away from the gladiators so that they would not get to into the sex symbols of them) |
| velarium | giant onning stretched over the top of the colosseum, provided protection from the sun, was also decorated with painted scenery to add more to the stories |
| sparsiones | sprinklings made made everything smell better |
| missilia | "things thrown" food or money given out to the crowd by being hurled at them |
| what was the use of secuirt at the amphitheater | to make sure the fans, or what ever was going on in the arena, didn't get too out of hand |
| edicta munerum | programs that were written on the walls of the city to be informed what would be happening soon |
| libelli munerari | pamplets sold on the streets letting one know what evens were happening, who was putting it on, gladiators names, ect. |
| venationes | animal shows and displays (animals doing tricks, people fighting animals, |
| ludi meridiani | executions, happened around lunch time |
| the main course of events | gladiators |
| pompa | the official parade |
| vivarium | where wealthy people housed a great number of animals from other lands |
| lex tulia de ambitu | magistrates weren't allowed to host a gladiatorial event two years before they re run for elections because of the great costs |
| how many times must a magistrate host a gladiatorial game during office | once |
| 1st gladiator definition | one who fights with a sword (glades) |
| 2nd gladiatorial definition | one who fights in an arena against another in single combat |
| what did gladiatorial sword fighting transform into | daggers and helmets |
| scutum | very large round or rectangle shield |
| who were the very first gladiators? | the samnites (samnes) around 309 bc in the 2nd samnite war |
| what did the samnites wear? | scutum, leather legging on left leg, short sword with a pointed blade or lance, helmet with visor, crest and feathers (galea) |
| hoplomachus | not east to identify, similar tho the thracian, fought in heavy armor |
| thracian | had small squarish shield (parmula), armband on right arm, high leggings, tall crested helmet, short sword, curved or angled |
| retiarius | tridents and short sword, armband on left arm |
| leges gladiatoriae | gladiatorial laws |
| who put on the games | magistrates or local citizens if its approved by someone higher up |
| why were the games thrown | to honor the dead, inauguration of a public movement, military victories, the emperor of the imperial family |
| editor | the person who payed for the games |
| lanista | the gladiator pimp |
| ludi | the school where the gladiators were held, free to roam around, given food and medical treatment |
| how were gladiators chosen | most were POW and slaves, could win their freedom |
| auctorati | people who willing enter to be a gladiator |
| rudiarii | those who were once gladiators and were now free |
| gladiatrices | woman gladiator |
| probatio armorum | checks the quality of all the armor |
| how many games ended in death | was only supposed to be about 50%, later moved to 5-10% |
| missum | "let him be free" if the croud choose for him to be spared when someone surrenders |
| pollicem | "throat him" kill him when he surrenders |
| munera sine missione | games where the option to spare the gladiatiors life were not an option |
| P, M, V | P=they died M=they were sparred V=victorious |
| famia | fame and reputation |
| infamis | if you were a free gladiator you couldnt ender political office |
| who were the etruscans depicted as? | lovers of luxury, pirates, most authors blinded by negative bias |
| what were the etruscans | not greek, latin, umbrian, language a mystery |
| what were other names for the etruscans | tyrrhenioi, tyrreni/etrusci, rasenna |
| where were the ertuscans located | tarquinia (italy) |
| how did the etruscans have contact with the greeks and phoenicians | trade with north africa, romans, lots of iron copper and tin, thrived agriculturally |
| 3 main etruscan gods | tinia, Uni, Menerva |
| libri haruspicini | determining what the gods wanted or were saying by looking at the inside of animal bodies |
| haruspicy/haruscopy | looking into the liver |
| augury | looking at bird flights to see prophecy |
| libri fulgurales | told how to read the weather |
| libri rituales | rituals and docterine |
| what is the possible 4th book assumed to be about | animals and gods |
| etruscan opinion of greek athletics | cover nude parts in loin cloths, not fond of nudity |
| etruscan influence on the romans | chariot racing, gladatorial combat |
| game of phersu | blindfolded guy tied to wild animal, had a club, looked upon by phersu, was it a sport? ritual? story? |
| etruscsn sport vs greek sport | nudity, image associated with death, spectatorship, participation |
| sacrificium to numen | if people wanted something they would sacrifice to the gods |
| pontifex maximus | greatest bridge builder, created means by which humans and gods could interact, incredible amount of power |
| auspicia impertrativa | you demand a question and the gods answer |
| auspici oblivia | were not requested answers, are natural occurrences that told you to do something or not do something |
| sibylline books | A prophet that wrote a series of books that told the future. She tried to sell the to Tarquin. He does not want to buy them from her so she starts burning them. Finally he ends up buying them and they turn out to be very useful. |
| archaic triad | jupiter, mars, quirinus |
| jupiter | son of saturn Iuppiter Pluvis:jupiter of the rain Iuppiter Lapis: Jupiter of the stone |
| mars | same as greek ares, ag and warefare god |
| quirinus | supposed to be representative of romans at large |
| capitoline triad | after the romans had extensive connecions with etruscans, the gods carried over |
| janus | gate keeper, protector of going and coming |
| six vestal virgin | If they had sex they would dig a pit throw he in it, give her food water and light, so when she ran out it “wouldn’t” be their fault |
| lares | Protective ghosts/spirits of the field |
| feriae | integral to the citys health, priesthood |
| fasti | official roman festival calendar |
| lundi public | public games |
| ludi circenses | chariot races |
| ludi scaenici | theatrical games |
| lupecalia | cleansing process (strips of skin from goat/used as whips/wrapped around thighs |
| saturnalia | Destruction of social barrier/wearing same cloths/talking to everyone |
| evacatio | proclamation stating that the roman’s would destroy everything so get out while you can |
| devotio | if generals were having difficulty in battle they would make a sacrifice to the gods by sacrificing himself and other soldiers |
| apotheosis | emperor becoming a god-many people felt uncomfortable placing too much power in the hands of hte emperor |
| divus-god-like | initial emperor was called this, but only could be appointed by the senate and only after death |
| what has been least useful in finding out about etruscan life? | their language |
| what has been most useful in getting info about etruscan life? | their tombs |
| what sport was found best in the tomb of the augers? | wrestling |
| rhea silvia is forced to a life of virginity when... | amulius forces her to become a vestal virgin |
| who was romulus' and remus' dad? | the god Mars |
| what was Hannibal's biggest struggle which helped with his defeat | limited supplies |
| who was agustus | nephew of julius ceased, after he kills mark antony he takes the name agustus the emperor |
| what is a triumph | precession in rome, public recognition of a general of someone special foe what they had done in a foreign war |
| when were trials held? | to have favor with the people and the gods and state were glorified, highest honor for a man. Only 300 were held |
| requirements to receive a trial | · Had to be victories in a foreign war. Had to be assigned to a certain territory. Could not just go out and declared war. · Had to have had killed 5000 enemies. · Had to be granted imperium by soldiers in battle |
| what was the first step of the triumphal procession | conquered generals killed, normal excecution |
| what happened second in the triumphal procession | roman generals reminded people all that rome had gained, parades depicted battles and all the soils they gained |
| what happened third in the triumphal procession | a token number of troops. They did not want to have too many people, more important did not want to frighten the Senate. |
| what was the final step of the triumphal procession | The person that earned the Triumph entered o Had slave following him telling him to remain humble. Early Triumphators |
| who was the first triumphator | romulus, founder of rome |
| who was declined by the senate to triumph | scorpio africanus after he defeated hannibal in 2nd pelopinisian war, they thought he had gained too much power |
| how often did chariot races occur | 24 per day, |
| who were the people that set up the chariot races and organized them | factiones |
| who were the employees of the races | stable boys, saddlers, vets, doctors, water boys |
| marcus aurelius polyneices | greek who earned freedom, raced in all the faction, was known for driving 6 and 8 horse chariots |
| gaius appuleius diocles | began at 28 and died at 42. won 1400 |
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