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NWHSU HISTO 1 FINAL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This muscle type is cylindrical shaped. | Skeletal |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This muscle type is spindle shaped. | Smooth |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This muscle type is branched (Y) shaped. | Cardiac |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This muscle type has the the biggest cells. | Skeletal |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This muscle type is medium sized. | Smooth |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This muscle type has the smallest cells. | Cardiac |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This/These muscle type(s) has/have hypertrophy. | All 3 |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This/These muscle type(s) has 1 nuclei. | Smooth and Cardiac |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This/These muscle type(s) has/have multiple nuclei. | Skeletal |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This/These muscle type(s) has/have peripheral nuclei. | Skeletal |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This/These muscle type(s) has/have centrally located nuclei. | Smooth and Cardiac |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This/These muscle type(s) exhibit(s) striation. | Skeletal and Cardiac |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This/These muscle type(s) does/do not exhibit striation. | Smooth |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This/These muscle type(s) have arranged sarcomeres. | Skeletal and Cardiac |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This/These muscle type(s) have myofilaments. | All |
| Actin, Myosin, Tropomyosin, Troponin Which of these are thick filaments and which are thin filaments? | Thick-Myosin Thin-Actin, Tropomyosin, Troponin |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This/These muscle type(S) contract(s) all at once. | Cardiac and Smooth |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This/These muscle type(s) use(s) calmodulin to bind Ca++ instead of Troponin. | Smooth |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, None This muscle types function is locomotion. | Skeletal |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, None This muscle types function is line arteries, airways, and GI tract. | Smooth |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, None This muscle types function is to contract to pump blood. | Cardiac |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This/These muscle type(s) is/are involuntary. | Smooth and Cardiac |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This/These muscle type(s) is/are voluntary. | Skeletal |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac Where is each located. | Skeletal-attached to skeleton (Platysma muscle) Smooth-Vasculature, arteries, hollow viscera, uterus, bladder, GI tract, Erector Pili Cardiac-Only heart |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This/These muscle type(s) exhibit(s) complete endomysium. | Skeletal |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This/These muscle type(s) has/have gap junctions to communicate between cells. | Smooth and Cardiac |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, None Which muscle type(S) contain(s) Motor End Plates and which contain(s) intercalated disks? | Skeletal-Motor End Plates Cardiac-Intercalated Disks |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This/These muscle type(s) use(s) Ca++ mostly intracellular. | Skeletal and Cardiac |
| D-Ireg CT Perimysium, LCT Endomysium, D-Ireg CT Epimysium This CT is wrapped around the entire muscle. | D-Ireg CT Epimysium |
| D-Ireg CT Perimysium, LCT Endomysium, D-Ireg CT Epimysium This CT is wrapped around a bundle of fibers. | D-Ireg CT Perimysium |
| D-Ireg CT Perimysium, LCT Endomysium, D-Ireg CT Epimysium This CT is wrapped around one fiber. | LCT Endomysium |
| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, All, None This/These muscle type(s) exhibit(s) endomysium. | All 3 (All 3 have endomysium but ONLY skeletal muscle has Complete endomysium) |
| Red 1, Red 2, White 2, All, None This/These muscle fiber(s) has/have fast contraction speed. | Red 2 and White 2 |
| Red 1, Red 2, White 2, All, None This/These muscle fiber(s) has/have a strong aerobic metabolism. | Red 1 and Red 2 |
| Red 1, Red 2, White 2, All, None This/These muscle fiber(s) has/have lots of myoglobin, lots of mitochondria, and slow tonic contraction. | Red 1 and Red 2 |
| Red 1, Red 2, White 2, All, None This/These muscle fiber(s) has/have few myoglobin, few mitochondria, and has/have fast phasic contractions. | White 2 |
| Red 1, Red 2, White 2, All, None This/These muscle fiber(s) is/are for posture and endurance. | Red 1-Posture Red 2-Endurance |
| Red 1, Red 2, White 2, All, None This/These muscle fiber(s) is/are for short bursts of energy. | White 2 |
| Red 1, Red 2, White 2, All, None This/These muscle fiber(s) have/has a weak aerobic metabolism. | White 2 |
| Red 1, Red 2, White 2, All, None This/These muscle fiber(s) are found in back muscles. | Red 1 and Red 2 (Aerobic Red) |
| Red 1, Red 2, White 2, All, None This/These muscle fiber(s) are found in fingers, feet, arms, and legs. | White 2 (Anaerobic White) |
| Red 1, Red 2, White 2, All, None Most muscle types contain this/these fiber(s). | Mixed Fibers (White and Red) |
| Red 1, Red 2, White 2, All, None This/These muscle fiber(s) contain(s) more succinate dehydrogenase+. (An enzyme specific to mitochondria) | Red 1 and Red 2 (Aerobic Red) |
| CNS, PNS, Both, Neither This can recover from a major accident. | PNS |
| If CNS cannot recover after a CNS injury then how does a person recover from a stroke? | Plasticity (Neurons nearby in CNS take over the dead neurons jobs) |
| Flacid Peralisis or Spastic Peralisis Which happens due to a bad peripheral nerve injury? | Flacid Peralisis |
| People with CNS injuries have ____ reflexes. Explain why? | Bigger relexes. (Hyperreflexia, spastic peralisis) They do not have control of them to stop the reflex from happening. |
| How many mm does a PNS neuron recover per day? | 2 mm |
| True or False (Correct if wrong) Motor Unit=GSE axon and all the skeletal muscle cells it innervates. | True |
| True or False (Correct if wrong) Lateral Corticospinal Tract is the pyramidal tract without decussation. | False (With pyramidal decussation) |
| True or False (Correct if wrong) Excitatory synapse is when the action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of action potential occurring in the post synaptic cell. | True |
| True or False (Correct if wrong) Inhibitory synapse is when the presynaptic potential is the change of membrane voltage of a presynaptic neuron. | False (Postsynaptic and Postsynaptic) |
| True or False (Correct if wrong) Large motor units may innervate up to 2000 cells. | True |
| True or False (Correct if wrong) Small motor units may innervate as little as 1 muscle cell per axon. | True |
| When the sympathetic system innervates an artery and causes excitation (depolarization), which happens: vasodilation or vasoconstriction? | Vasodilation |
| True or False (Correct if wrong) In smooth muscle thin filaments are attached to alpha-actinin. | True |
| This muscle type lacks sER which stores calcium within the scytoplasam. | Smooth Muscle |
| How many spinal nerves are there and are they part of the PNS or CNS? | 31 pairs PNS |
| Are the more myelinated or unmyelinated axons? | Unmyelinated axons |
| Which is in the Dorsal root and ventral root:GSA and GSE | Dorsal Root-GSA Ventral Root-GSE |
| Which is motor and which is sensory:Dorsal Root and Ventral Root | Sensory-Dorsal Root Motor-Ventral Root |
| Ventral Primary Rami and Dorsal Primary Rami are: Motor, Sensory, or both | D1R and V1R are Both Motor and Sensory |
| Preganglionic sympathetic axons vs Preganglionic parasympathetic axons: T1-L2 or S2-S4 | Preganglionic sympathetic-T1-L2 Preganglionic parasympathetic-S2-S4 |
| Which primary rami innervates the back and which innervates the neck, trunk, and extremities? | Back-D1R Neck, trunk, and extremeties-V1R |
| The PNS is broken down into two categories, Autonomic and Somatic. Which one innervates each of the following: smooth muscles, glands, skeletal muscles | autonomic-smooth muscle and glands somatic-Skeletal muscle |
| True or false (Correct if wrong) The Autonomic Nervous System uses one neuron between the CNS and target organ while the Somatic Nervous System uses two neurons. | False (Autonomic uses 2 neurons, somatic uses 1 neuron) |
| The sympathetic system creates activity that supports a stress response while the parasympathetic system creates activity that ____. | regulates a steady state or aids in protection |
| Spinal nerves innervate what? | Walls and limbs |
| GSE, GVE, Both, Neither This is part of the CNS. | Neither |
| GSE, GVE, Both, Neither This is part of the PNS. | Both |
| GSE, GVE, Both, Neither This inervates Skeletal muscle. | GSE |
| GSE, GVE, Both, Neither This inervates viscera, glands, smooth, and cardiac muscle. | GVE |
| GSE, GVE, Both, Neither This has 1 neuron from the CNS to PNS | GSE |
| GSE, GVE, Both, Neither This has pre and postganglionic Neurons. | GVE |
| S2-S4, Cranial Nerves to S1, brain stem Which are parasympathetic and which are sympathetic. | S2-4 and brain stem-parasympathetic Cranial nerves to S1-Sympathetic |
| Preganglionic axons travel to the white ramus and postganglionic axons travel to the gray ramus. This is a reference to the myelinated and unmyelinated nature of the axons. Which is myelinated and which is not? | Preganglionic-Myelinated Postganglionic-Unmyelinated |
| Which spinal nerves exhibit:White Rami and Gray Rami. | White Rami-T1-L2 Gray Rami-All Spinal Nerves |
| These neurons always have their origin int he CNS:Preganglionic or Postganglionic | Preganglionic Neurons |
| These neurons always have their origin int he PNS:Preganglionic or Postganglionic | Postganglionic Nerons |
| Sympathetics innervate erector pilli, sweat glands, and blood vessels while parasympathetics innervate what body wall? | Erectile Tissue |
| Purkinje cells of the heart act as ____ cells, delivering the AP deep within the muscle tissue. | Conduction |
| Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth Which have triads and which have diads? | Skeletal-Triads Cardiac-Diads |
| Where are diads located? | At Z-Line |
| Where are triads located? | Between I-Band/A-Band Junction |
| Which has two terminal cisternae and which has one terminal cisterna: Dyads, Triads | Dyads-1 terminal cisterna Triads-2 terminal cisternae |
| Conduct action potential deep into cells because AP is the voltage change necessary to open the voltage dependent Ca++ channels in the ___. | sER |
| Which muscle type has the most sER? | Skeletal |
| Match A-Band, I-Band, M-Line, H-Zone, Z-Line:Dark band, lihter band, line in the middle of h, lightest line in A Band, Darkest line in I band | A-Band=Dark Band I-Bnad=light band M-line=line in the middle of H H-Zone=lightest line in A band Z-Line=darkest line in I band |
| I, A, H, Z, M:Thick filament, thin filament, or both | I-thin A-both H-thick Z-thin M-thin |
| Which two get smaller when the muscle contracts? I, A, H, Z, M | I and H |
| Which limits the contraction? I, A, H, Z, M | A-Band |
| The action potential is conducted on the GSE axon to the terminal where it causes the release of ______________? | nerotransmitters |
| Once the ___________ is released, it binds receptors at the motor end plate. This causes depolarization of the skeletal muscle cell membrane. | acetylcholine |
| Fast EPSPs may summate to threshold, causing voltage-gated ____ channels to open, thus resulting in action potential. | Sodium |
| The calcium will bind the high affinity binding sites on _____ causing the tropomyosin to be removed from the active binding sites on _________. | Troponin, Actin |
| ATP is required for muscle _____. There are three sites ATP is needed: ________, ________, and _______. | Relaxation Action Potential, Ca2+ pump, Actin filaments. |
| Troponin binds what three things? | Calcium, actin, and tropomyosin |
| Calcium is stored in dyads and triads. What muscle types are those found in again and where? | Triads-Skeletal (I/A Junction) Dyads-Cardiac (Z line) |
| At rest K+ is slightly greater than K+ electrical gradient. This drives K+ ___ the cell through passive channels that best accomodate the K+ size. | Out of |
| NA+ is driven ____ the cell by both its concentration and electrical gradients. | into |
| Depolarization is teh decrease in the difference in charge between the inside and outside -70mV. This leads to EPSPs which are what? (less neg inside) | Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potentials |
| Hyperpolarization is increasing the difference of charge between the inside and ouside of the membrane. Moving from 70mV to 90mV. (By specific chemically dependent channels) This leads to IPSP which is what? (more neg inside) | Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potentials |
| What can only be generated where there are voltage dependent ion channels (specific for NA or K)? | Action Potential |
| Cell bodies are found in white and gray matter. True or false | False Only gray matter |
| In the nervous system what are the "functional cells" and what are the "supporting cells". | Neurons-functional cells neuroglial cells-supporting cells |
| Everything surrounding the cell body is what? | Neuropil |
| What is the most common neuron? | multipolor neuron |
| CNS, PNS, Both, Neither Multipoloar Neurons | Both |
| CNS, PNS, Both, Neither Psuedopolar neuron | PNS |
| Motor, Sensory, Both, Neither Multipolar neurons | Both |
| Motor, Sensory, Both, Neither Psuedounipolar neurons | only sensory (only primary afferent neurons |
| Examples of CNS multipolar neuron cells. | Pyramidal cell, perkinji cells, tract cells, Interneurons |
| Examples of PNS multipolar neuron cells. | Spinal Motor Neuron-GSE Pre Post Ganglionic-GVE |
| Do Multipolar Neurons contain axons and dendrites? Do they branch and where? | Yes, branch at end. Yes lots of dendrites and spines. |
| Do Psudopuniolar neurons contain axons and dendrites? Do they branch and where? | Yes, they branch right away. No |
| Psuedounipolar neurons can contain more than 1 axon. True or false | False. No Neuron has more than one axon!! |
| Myelin is made by what cells in the PNS and what cells in the CNS? | PNS-Schwann Cells CNS-Oligodendrocytes |
| Axons, Dendrites, Both, Neither Can do their own protein synthesis | Dendrites only |
| The axon hillock does what? | Generates action potential S |
| Axon Terminals store what? | Nerotransmitters |
| Pyramidal and extrapyramidal neurons start in the cortex? True or false | False Pyramidal start in Cortex Extrapyramidal start in the cerebelum |
| Extrapyramidal neurons influence what? | GSE and GVE (Unconscious) |
| The extrapyramidal neurons may or may not cross at the decussation. True or false | True |
| Lateral Corticospinal Tract crosses at the decussation of pyramids and innervates which muscle:appendicular or axial | appendicular |
| Anterior Corticospinal tract does not cross at the decussation of pyramids and inervates which muscle:appendicular or axial | axial |
| nissl substance is basophillic beause of Ribosomes. True or false | true |
| Satalite cells completely surround this while they are interupted in this:DRG, Autonomic Ganglion | Completely surround DRG Interupted around Autonomic Ganglion |
| Large cell bodies are for what? Are their axons myelinated or not? | Touch and proprio Myelinated axons |
| Small cell bodies are for what? Are their axons myelinated or not? | Pain and Temp Unmyelinated axons |
| DRG, Autonomic ganglion, Both, Neither These have many satellite cells and a centrally located nucleus. | DRG |
| DRG, Autonomic ganglion, Both, Neither These have interrupted satellite cells and a peripherally located nucleus. | Autonomic Ganglion |
| Purkinje neurons are examples of extrapyramidal neurons which mediate _____ motor activity. | Unconscious |
| Dorsal horn gray matter is sensory, motor, or both? | Sensory |
| Ventral horn gray matter is sensory, motor, or both? | Motor |
| Axons, Astrocytes, and Oligodendrocytes are found in White, gray matter, or both? | Both |
| What are 2 names for a cell body? | Soma and perikaryon |
| CNS exhibits regular CT coverings like endo, peri and epineurium. True or false | False. The entire perimeter of the CNS is protected by CT coverings called Dura, arachnoid, and pia mater. |
| The only point of confluence between PNS and CNS Ct is at the juncture between the epineurium of the ____ and the dura of the ____ | spinal nerves spinal cord |
| Myelin Is the schwann cell's membrane. True or false. | True |
| What increases the speed at which impulses are conducted and covers nerve fibers? | Myelin |
| Unmyelinated neurons have a small wrapping of myelin in the CNS or PNS? | PNS (In the CNS they are bare) |
| What cell myelinates axons in the CNS? | Oligodendrocytes |
| What do nodes of Ranvier do? | Reamplify action potential to increase conduction velocity |
| Both myelinated and unmyelinated axons have nodes of ranvier. True or False | False only myelinated axons. |
| What are the two major difference of CNS and PNS Nodes of Ranvier? | CNS-Gap between Oligodendrocytes (completely bare) PNS-Gap between Schwann cells (have some schwann cells) |
| The supporting cells of the nervous system are ____ cells. They do not carry action potential but provide supporting functions to neurons. | Neuroglial cells |
| Neuroglial Cells in the CNS ____ repair while in the PNS neroglial cells such as schwann cells ____ repair. | Suppress Promote |
| These neuroglial cells mylinate CNS axons. How many per cell? | Oligodendrocytes 40 |
| These CNS neuroglial cells are the blood brain barrier. | Astrocytes |
| These CNS neuroglial cells line the free surfaces to produce CSF. | Ependymal Cells |
| These neuroglial cells are the CNS macrophages. | Microglia |
| Protoplasmic astrocytes are ___ matter and fibrous astrocytes are _____ matter. | Gray White |
| What is the only cell in the CNS to be derived from mesenchyme? | Microglia! |
| What are the two main PNS neuroglial cells? | Satellite and Schwann Cells |
| Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Both, Neither Older? | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Both, Neither Respond to stress | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Both, Neither Regulates and protects | Parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Both, Neither No components of spinal nerves | Parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Both, Neither Smooth muscle innervated by ___ | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Both, Neither Increases heart rate | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Both, Neither Sweat glands are innervated by? | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Both, Neither Erector pili muscles are innervated by | sympathetic |
| Multipolar, Pseudounipolar, Both, Neither Peripheral process (axon) carries action potential toward the CNS | Pseudounipolar |
| Multipolar, Pseudounipolar, Both, Neither All are PNS | Pseudounipolar |
| Multipolar, Pseudounipolar, Both, Neither All ____ cells are derived from the neural crest. | psudounipolar |
| Multipolar, Pseudounipolar, Both, Neither Cell bodies of autonomic neurons | multipolar |
| Excitatory NTX's, Inhibitory NTX's, Both, Neither Open sodium channels | Excitatory |
| Excitatory NTX's, Inhibitory NTX's, Both, Neither open Potassium channels | Inhibitory |
| Excitatory NTX's, Inhibitory NTX's, Both, Neither Increase the membrane potential | Excitatory |
| Excitatory NTX's, Inhibitory NTX's, Both, Neither Cause depolarization | Excitatory |
| Excitatory NTX's, Inhibitory NTX's, Both, Neither If threshold is met, action potential; if not, they are called generator potentials | Excitatory |
| Excitatory NTX's, Inhibitory NTX's, Both, Neither Create hyperpolarizing currents | Inhibitory |
| Excitatory NTX's, Inhibitory NTX's, Both, Neither No action potential propagated, perhaps action potentials would even be stopped | Inhibitory |
| GSA, GSE, Both, Neither Pseudounipolar neurons | GSA |
| GSA, GSE, Both, Neither Multipolar nerons | GSE |
| GSA, GSE, Both, Neither Nerve cell body is in ventral horn of spinal cord | GSE |
| GSA, GSE, Both, Neither Nerve cell body is in dorsal root ganglia | GSA |
| GSA, GSE, Both, Neither Comes from skin, tendons, skeletal muscle, bone, fascia, ligaments, and joint capsules | GSA |
| GSA, GSE, Both, Neither Has both large and small cell bodies | GSA |
| Final common pathway GSA, GSE, Both, Neither | GSE |
| GSA, GSE, Both, Neither Developed from neural crest | GSA |
| Ependymal cell layer, mantle layer, marginal zone, none of the above. White matter is in this area | Marginal zone |
| Ependymal cell layer, mantle layer, marginal zone, none of the above. Grey matter is in this area | Mantle layer |
| Ependymal cell layer, mantle layer, marginal zone, none of the above. Development of Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes | Ependymal cell layer |
| Ependymal cell layer, mantle layer, marginal zone, none of the above. All CNS neurons develop from this area. | Marginal Zone |
| Ependymal cell layer, mantle layer, marginal zone, none of the above. GSE | Mantle layer |
| Autonomic Ganglia, Sensory/dorsal root ganglia, both , neither. Pseudounipolar neurons | Sensory/dorsal root |
| Autonomic Ganglia, Sensory/dorsal root ganglia, both , neither. eccentric nucleus | autonomic ganglia |
| Autonomic Ganglia, Sensory/dorsal root ganglia, both , neither. Multipolar neurons | Autonomic ganglia |
| Autonomic Ganglia, Sensory/dorsal root ganglia, both , neither. Cells of uniform size and shape. | Autonomic ganglia |
| Autonomic Ganglia, Sensory/dorsal root ganglia, both , neither. Two sizes of cell | Sensory/dorsal root ganglia |
| Autonomic Ganglia, Sensory/dorsal root ganglia, both , neither. Few satalite cells | Autonomic ganglia |
| Fibrous, Protoplasmic, both neither Occurs only in white matter. | Fibrous |
| Fibrous, Protoplasmic, both neither Large neuroglial cells found only in the grey matter | Protoplasmic |
| Fibrous, Protoplasmic, both neither These astrocytes supply neuronal cell processes with metabolites. | Fibrous |
| Fibrous, Protoplasmic, both neither Long, thin, branching processes emerge from cell body. | Protoplasmic |
| Which of the following are not derivatives of the neural crest? Schwann cells, Satellite cells, psudounipolar neurons, multipolar neurons, autonomic neuron system, spinal ganglia, autonomic ganglia | Multipolar neurons |
| The nerve cell body contains all except... Axon hillock, dendrite, nucleus, cytoplasm | dendrite |
| Which one of these is NOT considered an astrocyte? Fibrous, Protoplasmic, perineuronal | perineuronal |
| Which is not considered inhibitory NTX? Dopamine, Epinepherine, glycine | epinepherine |
| GVA, GVE, Both, Neither. Sympathetic and parasympathetic | GVE |
| GVA, GVE, Both, Neither. Start in CNS | GVE |
| GVA, GVE, Both, Neither. Start in PNS | GVA |
| Pseudounipolar neurons. GVA, GVE, Both, Neither. | GVA |
| GVA, GVE, Both, Neither. Multipolar neurons | GVE |
| GVA, GVE, Both, Neither. Has cell bodies that are both large and small | GVA |
| GVA, GVE, Both, Neither. Nerve cell body in dorsal root ganglia | GVA |
| GVA, GVE, Both, Neither. Postganglionic-unmyelinated axons and preganglionic-unmyelinated axons | GVE |
| GVA, GVE, Both, Neither. Developed from the mantle zone | GVA |
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