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Gross Anatamy I
Exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stimulus that produces an involuntary response | Reflex |
| Stimulus can be from what? | External Surface(Somatic) or Viscera(Visceral) |
| Series of anatomical parts through which the reflex impulse travels; i.e., the route of the reflex impulse | Reflex Arc |
| What is the basic route of the reflex impulse? | sensory neuron -> motor neuron -> effector organ -> involuntary response |
| What does the gray matter of the spinal cord consist of? | anterior horn, lateral horn and posterior horn |
| Contains cell bodies of GSE motor neurons and innervates what? | anterior horn; skeletal muscle |
| Contains preganglionic GVE cell bodies of ANS | lateral horn |
| Cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons are present where? | T1-L2 or L3 spinal cord levels |
| Cell bodies of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are present where? | S2-S4 spinal cord levels |
| GVE motor function innervates what? | smooth muscles, cardiac muscle or glands |
| Contains cell bodies of GSA and GVA sensory function | posterior horn |
| What are the 2 roots of a spinal nerve? | dorsal root with dorsal root ganglion and ventral root |
| The dorsal root with dorsal root ganglion contains what types of fibers? | sensory fibers entering the spinal cord |
| The ventral root contains what types of fibers? | motor fibers leaving the spinal cord |
| What are the 2 spinal reflex arcs? | somatic reflex arcs and visceral reflex arc |
| Which reflex arc produces contractions of skeletal muscle? | Somatic Reflex Arc |
| What are the 3 somatic reflex arcs? | Stretch Reflex, Flexor Reflex, and Crossed-Extensor Reflex |
| 2 neuron, monosynaptic reflex | Stretch Reflex |
| 3 neuron polysynaptic reflex | Flexor Reflex and Crossed-Extensor Reflex |
| Stretching of a skeletal muscles is a stimulus of what reflex? What is this stimulus also called? | Stretch Reflex; myotatic stimulus |
| Myotasis means what? | muscles stretching |
| Knee jerk reflex is what kind of reflex? | Stretch Reflex |
| Type of reflex where the cell body of afferent sensory neuron is in a dorsal root ganglion | Stretch Reflex |
| Type of reflex where the receptor is in a neuromuscular spindle | Stretch Reflex |
| Type of reflex where the efferent motor neuron cell body is in the anterior horn | Stretch Reflex |
| Reflex where the stimulus is usually suuperficial | Flexor Reflex |
| Type of Reflex where it is a protective withdrawal through the contraction of flexor muscles | Flexor Reflex |
| Removal of finger from hot object | Flexor Reflex |
| Afferent sensory neuron synapses in posterior horn with cell body of interneuron. Interneuron synapses in anterior horn with efferent motor neuron | Flexor Reflex |
| Stimulus causes contraction of extensor muscles on opposite side of body | Crossed-Extensor Reflex |
| Afferent sensory neuron synapses in posterior horn with cell body of interneuron. Interneuron axon crosses gray commissure to OPPOSITE side and synapses in anterior horn of opposite side. | Crossed-Extensor Reflex |
| The efferent motor neuron of this reflex goes to the extensor muscle and maintains balance and supports weight | Crossed-Extensor Reflex |
| Reflex in which center of the reflex arc lies in the spinal cord | Spinal Cord Reflex |
| Any reflex produced by stimulating a deep structure (Tendon or Bone) | Deep Reflex |
| Deep reflex in which a tendon is stimulated | Tendon Reflex |
| A reflex controlled by a single segment of the cord (L2) | Intrasegmental(unisegmented) Reflex |
| A reflex controlled by more than one segment of the cord (L2-L4) | Intersegmental(multisegmental) Reflex |
| Stimulation on one side of the body caused a response on the opposite side | Crossed(contralateral) Reflex |
| Response occurs on the same side of body as the stimulus | Ipsilateral Reflex |
| Response to stimulus is done by extensor muscles | Extensor Reflex |
| Response to stimulus is done by flexor muscles | Flexor Reflex |
| 2 ascending afferent tracts | spinothalamic tract and posterior white column - medial lemniscal system |
| Which ascending afferent tract is for pain, temperature, pressure and crude touch | spinothalamic tract |
| Which ascending afferent tract is for discriminating touch and proprioception | posterior white column - medial lemniscal system |
| Ascending afferent sensory tracts conducts impulses from where to where? How many neurons? | periphery to the cerebral cortex; 3 neuron relay |
| In ascending afferent sensory tracts, sensory neuron 1 conducts impulses from where to where? | periphery to spinal cord(spinalthalmic tract); periphery to brainstem(medial lemniscal tract) |
| In ascending afferent sensory tracts, sensory neuron 2 conducts impulses from where to where? | spinal cord to thalamus(spinalthalmic tract); brainstem to thalamus(medial lemniscal tract) |
| In ascending afferent sensory tracts, sensory neuron 3 conducts impulses from where to where? | thalamus to the general sensory area of the cerebral cortex(both tracts) |
| Crude awareness of sensations occurs when impulses reach what? | Thalamus |
| Discriminating awareness occurs when impulses reach what? | Cerebral Cortex |
| Decussate means what? | to cross |
| What acts as a sensory filter? | Thalamus |
| When one concentrates on sensory data the impulse will go to where? | General sensory area of the cerebral cortex |
| Which sensory neurons axons mostly decussate(cross)? | sensory neuron 2 axons |
| Why do most sensory neuron 2 axons cross? | So that one side of the brain registers mainly sensations from the Opposite side of the body |
| "Principle of Divergence" applies to what? | sensory impulse conduction |
| T/F: Each sensory neuron synapses with more than one neuron, impulses diverge and may activate many effectors | True (Principles of Divergence) |
| What are the 2 descending (efferent) pathways from the brain? | Extrapyramidal Tracts and Pyramidal Tract |
| Whats another name of a pyramidal tract? | Corticospinal Tract |
| What are the 2 general principles about descending efferent motor tracts to skeletal muscles? | Principle of the Common Path and Principle of Convergence |
| Motor neurons in the anterior gray horns of spinal cord are the FINAL common path for impulses to skeletal muscles | Principle of the Common Path |
| Axons from many neurons converge to synapse with EACH anterior motor neuron | Principle of Convergence |
| Descending tract whose axon fibers travel through the pyramids of the medulla oblongata on their way to the spinal cord | Pyramidal Tract |
| Descending tract whose axon fibers travel around the pyramids of the medulla oblongata on their way to the spinal cord | Extrapyramidal Tracts |
| The pyramidal tract has two different tracts, what are they? | Lateral and Ventral Corticospinal Tract |
| The cell bodies of the pyramidal tract are located where? | Cerebral Motor Cortex |
| Which axons of the pyramidal tract cross in pyramids of the medulla and what percent of the pyramidal tract are these? | lateral corticospinal; 85% |
| Which axons of the pyramidal tract cross in the spinal cord and what percent of the pyramidal tract are these? | ventral corticospinal; 15% |
| T/F: Pyramidal tract axons synapse indirectly with anterior horn motor neurons via interneurons OR synapse directly with anterior horn motor neurons | True |
| Primary neuron cell bodies of the extrapyramidal tracts are located where? | In cerebral motor cortex |
| Extrapyramidal tracts axon fibers project to and synapse where? | subcortical centers |
| Secondary neuron cell bodies of the extrapyramidal tracts in ______ then send their axons where? | subcortical centers; directly or indirectly to synapse on anterior horn motor neurons |
| Do all extrapyramidal tracts decussate (cross)? | No they do not |
| All intrinsic muscles of the back are innervated by what? | posterior primary divisions of spinal nerves (Dorsal Rami) |
| Superficial Layer of the back | Splenius Capitis & Splenius Cervicis |
| Fiber direction of the superficial layer of the back | superior and lateral |
| O - Lower Ligamentum Nuchae, SP of Upper Thoracic(T1-3) I - Mastoid Process and Adjacent Occiptal Bone | Splenius Capitis |
| O - SP of Upper Thoracic(T3-6) I - TP of Upper Cervical(C1-C3) | Splenius Cervicis |
| Bilateral and unilateral actions of the Splenius muscles | BL - draws head back UL - laterally bend and rotate the neck(turn face to same side) |
| Intermediate Layer of the back | Erector Spine Muscles(Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis) |
| Fiber direction of the Erector Spine muscles | Vertical |
| Most lateral Erector Spine group | Iliocostalis muscles |
| Most intermediate Erector Spine group | Longissiumus muscles |
| Most medial Erector Spine group | Spinalis muscles |
| O - iliac crest, sacrum, thoracolumbar fascia I - angles of lower ribs | Iliocostalis Lumborum |
| O - lower ribs I - angles of upper ribs and TP of C7 | Iliocostalis Thoracis |
| O - upper ribs I - TP of mid-cervicals(C4-C6) | Iliocostalis Cervicis |
| O - sacrum, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia I - lower 10 ribs and TP of lumbar and thoracic vertebrae | Longissimus Thoracis |
| O - TP of upper thoracic vertebrae I - TP of cervical vertebrae (not C1) | Longissimus Cervicis |
| O - TP upper thoracic, articular processes of lower cervical vertebrae I - Mastoid Process | Longissimus Capitis |
| O - SP lower thoracic vertebrae I - SP upper thoracic vertebrae | Spinalis Thoracis |
| Which Erector Spine muscle often has only scant fibers? | Spinalis Cervicis |
| Which Erector Spine muscles often is considered part of the semispinalis capitis muscle? | Spinalis Capitis |
| Bilateral action of the Erector muscles | Extend Column |
| Unilateral action of the Erector muscles | Bend Column Laterally |
| Action of Longissimus Capitis | Extends Head and Turns Face to the Same Side |
| Deep layer of the back | Rotators, Multifidus, Semispinalis mm, Interspinalis, Intertransversarii |
| Transversospinous mm include what? | Rotators, Multifidus and Semispinalis mm |
| Deepest transversospinous mm is what? | Rotators |
| O - TP I - SP of vertebrae ONE segment above origin | Short Rotators |
| O - TP I - SP of vertebrae TWO segments above origin | Long Rotators |
| Multifidus mm are found where? | Throughout the length of the column |
| O - TP I - SP of vertebrae TWO or FIVE segments above origin | Multifidus |
| Where is the Semispinalis muscles found? | From T10 and above |
| General origin of the Semispinalis mm. | TP |
| What are the three groups of the Semispinalis mm. and how are they grouped? | Semispinalis Thoracis, Cervicis and Capitis; Based on their Insertion |
| O - TP I - SP of upper thoracic vertebrae(T1-4) | Semispinalis Thoracis |
| O - TP I - SP of cervical vertebrae(up to C2) | Semispinalis Cervicis |
| O - TP I - Occipital Bone | Semispinalis Capitis |
| Action of the transversospinalis muscles | Extend column and rotation it to the opposite side |
| Muscle that is between the SP of adjacent vertebrae | Interspinalis |
| Interspinalis is best developed where and absent where? | Cervical; Thoracic |
| Action of the Interspinalis muscles | Extend the Column |
| Muscle that is between the TP of adjacent vertebrae | Intertransversarii |
| Intertransversarii are best developed where and absent in most of where? | Cervical; Thoracic |
| Action of the Intertransversarii Muscles | Extend Column and Bend Toward the same side |
| 4 Suboccipital Muscles | Rectus Capitis Posterior Major, Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor, Obliquus Capitis Inferior and Obliquus Capitis Superior |
| The 4 Suboccipital Muscles lie deep to which muscle? | Semispinalis Capitis |
| Rectus Capitis Posterior Major (Origin, Insertion) | O - SP of C2 I - Occipital Bone, Inferior to Inferior Nuchal Line |
| Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor (Origin, Insertion) | O - Post Tubercle of C1 I - Occipital Bone, Immediately Medial to Rectus Capitis Posterior Major |
| Obliquus Capitis Inferior (Origin, Insertion) | O - SP of C2 I - TP of C1 |
| Obliquus Capitis Superior (Origin, Insertion) | O - TP of C1 I - Occipital Bone, Near Inferior Nuchal Line |
| Actions of the Suboccipital mm. | Extend and Rotate the head to the Same Side |
| Innervation of the Suboccipital mm. | Suboccipital Nerve - post primary division of C1 |
| Suboccipital Triangle | Obliquus Capitis Superior, Obliquus Capitis Inferior and Rectus Capitis Posterior Major |
| Structures within the Suboccipital Triangle | Vertebral Artery and Suboccipital Nerve |
| Junction of the coronal and sagittal suture. | Bregma |
| The point on each side of the skull where the parietal and temporal bones meet the greater wing of the sphenoid. | Pterion |
| The point behind the ear where the parietal, temporal, and occipital bones meet. | Asterion |
| The point of junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures of the skull | Lambda |
| A membrane-covered opening in bone or between bones; specifically: any of the spaces closed by membranous structures between the uncompleted angles of the parietal bones and the neighboring bones of a fetal or young skull | Fontanelle |
| Suture between the Parietal bones of the skull | Sagittal Suture |
| Suture between the Parietal Bones and the Occipital Bone | Lamboidal Suture |
| Suture between the frontal bone and the Parietal Bones | Coronal Suture |
| Skull has how many bones? | 22 bones (28 including ear ossicles) |
| Forms the forehead and roof of the orbit | Frontal Bone |
| Ridge over each orbit in the frontal bone | Superciliary Arches |
| Smooth area in the midline between the 2 superciliary arches | Glabella |
| Trnasmits supraorbital N.A.V in Frontal Bone | Supraorbital Foramen |
| Forma a large part of the roof of the orbit in frontal bone | Orbital Process |
| In the anterior cranial fossa and transmits an emissary vein in frontal bone | Foramen Cecum |
| Curved ridge along the lateral surface where the temporal fascia attaches | Superior Temporal Line |
| Curved ridge just inferior to the superior temporal line where part of the temporalis muscle attaches | Inferior Temporal Line |
| Flat Portion on the lateral Skull | Squamosal Portion of the Temporal Bone |
| Houses the Inner Ear | Petrous Portion of the Temporal Bone |
| Transmits an emissary vein, often absent on the Temporal Bone | Mastoid Foramen |
| Transmits most of Facial N(CN 7) | Stylomastoid Foramen |
| Transmits internal carotid artery | Carotid Canal |
| Formed between temporal and occipital bone; Transmits Internal Jugular Vein, Glossopharyngeal N(CN 9), Vagus N(CN 10), Acessory N(CN 11) | Jugular Canal |
| Formed between the temporal, sphenoid and occipital bones. Filled with cartilage. | Foramen Lacerum |
| Opening of the external ear | External Acoustic Meatus |
| On the posterior wall of the petrous portion of the temporal bone(inside of skull) | Internal Acoustic Meatus |
| Transmits Facial and Vestibulocochlear Nerves | Internal Acoustic Meatus |
| Transmits spinal cord, Vertebral aa., and the spinal portion of CN 11(Accessory N) | Foramen Magnum |
| On inferior surface of Occipital Bone and articulates with the Atlas. | Occipital Condyles |
| Projection on the posterior aspect of the Occipital Bone | EOP |
| Curved ridge extending laterally from the EOP | Superior Nuchal Line |
| Inferior to the superior nuchal line | Inferior Nuchal Line |
| Oblique canal that opens posterior to the occipital condyles. Transmits an emissary vein and is often absent. | Condylar Canal |
| Opens anterior to the occipital condyles on the base, transmits CN 12. | Hypoglossal Canal |
| Basilar portion, anterior to the foramen magnum. | Clivus |
| Deep curving groove extending from the jugular foramen in the Occipital Bone | Sulcus for the sigmoid sinus |
| Projection of the inner, posterior aspect in the midline of the occipital bone | IOP |
| Deep horizontal groove extending from the IOP and joining the sulcus for the sigmoid sinus. | Sulcus for the Transverse Sinus |
| 4 regions of the sphenoid | Body, Lesser Wing, Greater Wing and Pterygoid Processes |
| Where is the sphonid sinus's? | Body of the Sphenoid |
| Deep seat in the sella turcica of the body of the sphenoid which houses the pituitary | Hypophyseal Fossa |
| Forms part of the orbit, the lateral surface of the skull and middle cranial fossa. | Greater Wing of the Sphenoid |
| Foramen that transmits the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve. | Foramen Rotundum |
| Foramen that transmits the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. | Foramen Ovale |
| Foramen that transmits the middle meningeal artery | Foramen Spinosum |
| Forms portions of the orbit and anterior cranial fossa | Lesser Wing of the Sphenoid |
| Foramen that transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery. | Optic Canal |
| Large space between lesser and greater wings. | Superior Orbital Fissure |
| What transmits CN 3, CN 4, CN V1(Ophthalmic division of Trigeminal, CN 6. | Superior Orbital Fissure |
| Pointed projections extending over the Sella Turcica. | Anterior Clinoid Process |
| Grooves uniting the 2 optic canals | Chiasmatic Groove |
| Downward projections from the body of sphenoid and greater wings on the base of the skull | Pterygoid Process |
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