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PSY 220 Ch 6
Research Validity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The truthfulness of inferences made from a research study | Research validity |
| The validity of inferences made about the covariation between the IV and DV. | Statistical conclusion validity |
| The observed relationship is probably not due to chance. | Statistically significant |
| The extent to which a construct is adequately represented by the measres used in a research study. | Construct validity |
| Research participants' motives and tendencies that affect their perceptions of the situation and their responses on the DV. | Participant reactivity to the experimental situation |
| Any of the cues avaliable in an experiment, such as instructions, rumors, or setting characterisitcs, that influence the responses of participants. | Demand characteristics |
| Participants' motivation to respond in such a way as to present themselves in the most positive manner. | Positive self-presentation |
| Actions and characteristics of researchers that influence the responses of participants. | Experimenter effects |
| Biasing experimenter effects attributable to the researcher's expectations about the outcome of the experiment. | Experimenter expectancies |
| Biasing experimenter effects attributable to the physical and psychological characteristics of the researcher. | Experimenter attributes |
| The correctness of inferences made by researchers about the cause and effect. | Internal validity |
| Occurs when an extraneous variable co-occurs with the IV and affects the DV. | Confounding |
| An extraneous variable that co-occurs with the IV and affects the DV. | Confounding extraneous variable |
| The influence of an extraneous variable is same on all of the IV groups. | Constancy |
| Using control strategies to make the influence of extraneous variable constant across the IV groups so that the only systematic difference between the group is due to the influence of the IV. | Equating the groups |
| Any event that can produce the outcome, other than the treatment condition, that occurs during the study before the posttest measurment. | History |
| The groups in a multigroup design experience differnt hisotry events that result in differences on the DV. | Differential history |
| Any physical or mental change that occurs with the passage of time and affects DV scores. | Maturation |
| Changes from pretest to posttest in the assessment or measurment of the DV. | Instrumentation |
| Changes in a person's score on the second administration of a test resulting from having previously taken the test. | Testing effect |
| Effects that appear to be due to the treatment but are due to regression to the mean. Occurs when the sample includes extreme groups of people. | Regression artifacts |
| Another name for Regression artifacts | Regression towards the mean |
| Loss of participants because they don't show up or they drop out of the research study. | Attrition |
| In a multigroup design, groups become differnt on extraneous variable because of differences in the loss of participants across the groups. | Differential attrition |
| Production of nonequivlent groups because a different selection procedure operates across the groups. | Selection |
| Differences between groups is produces because of the combined effect of two or more threats to internal validity. | Additive and interactive effects |
| The groups are exposed to the same history event, but they react differently because they were not equated. | Selection-history |
| The groups undergo differnt rates of maturation because they were not equated. | Selection-maturation |
| The groups react to changes in instrumentation differently because they were not equated. | Selection-instrumentation |
| The groups react to the pretest differntly, because they were not equated. | Selection-testing |
| The groups show different amounts of regression to the mean, because they were not equated. | Selection-regression artifcat |
| Degree to which the study results can be generalized to and across other people, settings, treatments, outcomes, and times. | External validity |
| Degree to which the study results can be generalized to and across the people in the target population. | Population validity |
| The large population to which the researcher would like to generalize the study results. | Target Population |
| The population of research participants that is practically avaliable to the investigator. | Accessible population |
| The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized across setting or enviornmental conditions. | Ecological validity |
| The degree to which the results can be generalized across time. | Temporal validity |
| Values on the DV vary by season. | Seasonal variation |
| A type of systematic up-and-down movement on the DV over time. | Cyclical variation |
| The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized across variations in the treatment. | Treatment variation validity |
| The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized across different but related DV. | Outcome validity |
| What are the four major types of validity, describe? | 1. Statistical conclusion validity:do IV and DV covary, both change simultaneously? 2. Construct validity:measuring correctly? no bias? 3. Internal validity:are IV and DV causually related? 4. External validity:Is this true outside of experime |
| What are the 13 threats to construct validity? Part I. | 1. Inadequate explanation of construct 2. Construct confounding 3. Mono-operation bias 4. Mono-method bias 5. Confounding level of constructs 6. Treatment-sensitive factorial structure 7. Reactive self-report changes |
| What are the 13 threats to construct validity? Part II. | 8. Reactivity to the experimental situation 9. Experimenter effects 10. Novelty and disruption effects 11. Compensatory equilization 12. Compensatory rivalry 13. Treatment diffusion |
| There are many types of threats to construct validity; however, which two is most important? | 1. Participant reactivity to the experimental situation - participant may 'play a role' 2. Experimenter effects - the experimenter has expectations and attributes that may bias the experiment in the experimenter's favor. |
| What are the 8 threats to internal validity? | 1. History 2. Maturation 3. Instrumentation 4. Testing 5. Regression artifact 6. Attrition 7. Selection 8. Additive/Interactive Effects |
| What are the 5 types of external validity? | 1. Population 2. Ecological 3. Temporal 4. Treatment Variation 5. Outcome |
| What is one of the ways a person can ensure internal validity? | Equating the groups |
| What is one of the causes of internal validity to not be valid? | confounding extraneous variables |
Created by:
nga
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