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AlisaB (#6)
Plain & Simple Guide - Terms and Definitions
| Anatomy | The study of the structure of the body. |
| Physiology | The study of the functions of the body. |
| Cytology | The microscopic study of the structure of cells. |
| Histology | The study of tissue. |
| Developmental anatomy | The study of the structure from egg to adult form. |
| Embryology | The study of structures from the time of fertilization through the eighth week of gestation. |
| Gross anatomy | Structures that can be studied without the aid of a microscope. |
| Pathological anatomy | The study of changes in structures caused by disease. |
| Regional anatomy | The study of a specific region of the body, such as the head or lower extremities. |
| Radiographic anatomy | The study of the body through x-rays. |
| Surface anatomy | The study of the body through observation and palpation. |
| Systemic anatomy | The study of specific body systems. |
| Neurophysiology | The study of nerves. |
| Cell physiology | The study of cell functions. |
| Exercise physiology | The study of the acute responses and long-term adaptations of the body to physical activity or exercise. |
| Kinesiology | The study of movement. |
| Cell | The basic unit of life. |
| Tissue | Groups of similar cells combined. |
| Organ | A collection of tissues having a specific function. |
| Organ systems | Organs acting together to perform specific functions. |
| Organism | The body. |
| Abdominal cavity | Holds the digestive organs and the liver and spleen. |
| Abdominopelvic cavity | Both the abdominal cavity below the diaphragm and the pelvic cavity. |
| Pelvic cavity | Houses the urinary bladder, the rectum, and the internal reproductive organs. |
| Thoracic cavity | (Protected by the rib cage) Contains the vital organs, such as the heart and lungs. |
| Pericardial cavity | The specific cavity within the thoracic cavity that protects the heart. |
| Ventral cavity | The combined thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. |
| Cranial cavity | Houses the brain and the spinal cavity. |
| Spinal cavity | Houses the spinal cord. |
| Dorsal cavity | The spinal cord. |
| Sagittal plane | Divides the body into left and right sections. |
| Midsagittal plane | Divides the body into equal left and right sections. |
| Frontal plane | Divides the body into anterior and posterior positions (also called the Coronal plane). |
| Transverse plane | Divides the body into upper and lower sections (also called the Horizontal plane). |
| Coronal plane | Frontal plane. |
| Horizontal plane | Transverse plane. |
| Anatomical position | Standing erect, facing forward, arms at side, palms facing forward. |
| Anterior (ventral) | Toward the front; in front of. |
| Caudal (inferior) | Toward the tail; lower. |
| Cephalad | Toward the head; upper. |
| Cranial (superior) | Toward the head. |
| Deep | Far from the surface. |
| Distal | Away from a point of reference; farthest from the trunk. |
| Dorsal (posterior) | Toward the back; in back of. |
| Inferior (caudal) | Toward the tail; lower. |
| Lateral | Away from the midline of the body. |
| Medial | Toward the midline of the body. |
| Posterior (dorsal) | Toward the back; in back of. |
| Proximal | Toward or nearest the trunk or point of reference. |
| Superficial | Near the surface. |
| Superior (cranial) | Toward the head. |
| Ventral (anterior) | Toward the front; in front of. |
| Anatomical pathology | The study of tissues removed from a dead or living person to diagnose disease or cause of death. |
| Clinical pathology | A number of subdisciplines that are often referred to as laboratory medicine: chemistry, histology, microbiology and other specialties. |
| Pathophysiology | The study of how disease and trauma alter the normal functioning of the body. |
| Acute | Characterized by sudden onset. |
| Aerobe | An organism that lives in an oxygen environment. |
| Ambulatory | Able to walk. |
| Anaerobe | An organism that lives in an oxygen-free environment. |
| Anaplasia | The irregular structural characteristics of a cell that identify it as a malignant cancer cell. |
| Anomaly | An abnormal occurrence, especially in reference to birth defects. |
| Antibiotic | A chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills microorganisms and cures infections. |
| Antibody | A protein produced by the body as part of its defense against foreign bacteria or blood cells. |
| Antisepsis | The prevention of sepsis by excluding or destroying microorganisms. |
| Antiseptic | A substance that kills or prohibits the growth of microorganisms. |
| Asepsis | Free from germs. |
| Atrophy | A wasting away or decrease in size of a cell, tissue, organ or part of the body caused by lack of nourishment, inactivity, or loss of nerve supply. |
| Autoimmunity | A situation in which the body produces an immune response against its own organs or tissues, causing severe inflammation and chronic conditions. |
| Bacteria | Microorganisms capable of reproduction; some strains cause infection (and some are beneficial). |
| Benign | Referring to a tumor, or abnormal growth, that is not cancerous and does not invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body. |
| Chronic | Slow developing, recurring. |
| Degenerative | Characterized by diminishing capabilities. |
| Diagnosis | The identification of disease or trauma. |
| Disease | An impairment of health that interferes with the body's ability to function normally. |
| Disinfect | The prevention of sepsis by excluding or destroying microorganisms. |
| Endemic | Characterizing a disease that exists in a location or group of people all the time. |
| Epidemic | A sudden outbreak of disease in numbers much higher than normal. |
| Etiology | The study of the cause and origin of disease. |
| Exacerbation | A marked increase in symptoms or severity of disease. |
| Fungus | A mold, yeast, or mushroom (some fungi are beneficial; some, such as ringworm and athlete's foot, are not). |
| Hereditary | Genetically passed from parent to child. |
| Hyperplasia | An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. |
| Idiopathic | Of unknown origin. |
| Infection | The invasion and growth of microorganisms that may cause cellular injury in tissue. |
| Inflammation | A protective response from the body in response to infection or injury, characterized by swelling, heat, redness and pain. |
| Local | Affecting only one part. |
| Malignant | Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. |
| Morbid | Diseased or sick. |
| Morbidity | Any departure, subjective or objection, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being. |
| Neoplasm | An abnormal growth of tissue that may be benign or malignant. |
| Pandemic | An epidemic that affects an expanded demographic area. |
| Pathogenesis | The origin and development of disease. |
| Pathology | The study of disease. |
| Pathophysiology | The study of how disease and/or trauma alters the normal functioning of the body. |
| Signs | The evidence of disease as perceived by the doctor. |
| Sterilize | To destroy bacteria and other microorganisms. |
| Symptoms | The subjective evidence of disease as perceived by the patient. |
| Syndrome | A group of signs or symptoms characteristic of a particular disease or abnormal condition. |
| Systemic | Affecting the whole body. |
| Trauma | A physical injury or wound caused by an external force of violence, which may cause death or permanent disability. Trauma is also used to describe severe emotional or psychological shock or distress. |
| Virulence | The ability of an organism to cause disease. |
| Virus | An intracellular parasite that causes disease. |
| Sepsis | Presence in the blood or other tissues of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins. |
| Theory | An explanation formulated in an attempt to explain observations in the natural world. |
| Hypothesis | A theory that seems to explain a group of phenomena and can be subjected to tests, experimentation, or statistical analysis to prove or disprove. |
| Research | A careful, diligent search of relationships between cause and effect, conducted in a scholarly fashion that will hold up to peer review. |
| Science | A body of knowledge in a specific discipline or area. |
| Scientific method | The study and collection of data pertaining to a particular body of knowledge through the use of hypothesizing, analysis, theory, models, law and research. |
| Intuition | An understanding without the conscious use of reasoning or logic. |
| Art | The creation of something beautiful, or the skill to do so. |
| Physiological effect | A change in function. |
| Body/mind effect | The belief system that what affects one also affects the other. |
| Placebo effect | A scientific term for the power of suggestion - a belief that if something will make you well, it will in fact do so, even if it is a sugar pill, a placebo. |
| Somatic effects | A collective term for effects on the cells or the physical body (as opposed to the mind or the spirit). |
| Cellular memory | The theory that while you may not consciously remember some past injury or trauma, the body does. |
| General adaptation syndrome | The body's short-term and long-term reactions to stress. |
| Stress | Any factor that moves the body away from homeostasis or balance. |
| Homeostasis | Balance. |
| Control mechanisms | What homeostasis is maintained through. |
| A-, An- | Without or not. |
| Ab- | Away from. |
| Ad- | Toward. |
| Adeno- | Gland. |
| Ambi- | Both. |
| Angio- | Vessel (blood, lymph). |
| Ante- | Before, forward. |
| Anti- | Against. |
| Arthro- | Joint. |
| Bi- | Double, two. |
| Brachio- | Arm. |
| Brady- | Slow. |
| Cardio- | Heart. |
| Caud- | Tail. |
| Cephal- | Head. |
| Chondro- | Cartilage. |
| Circum- | Around. |
| Cochlea- | Shell. |
| Contra- | Against, opposite. |
| Derm- | Skin. |
| Di- | Two. |
| Dia- | Across, through, apart. |
| Dis- | Separation, away from. |
| Dur- | Tough. |
| Dys- | Bad, difficult, abnormal. |
| Ecto- | Outer. |
| Ede- | Swelling. |
| Endo- | Inner, inside. |
| Epi- | Over, on. |
| Ergo- | Work. |
| Eryth- | Red. |
| Ex- | Out, out of, from, away from. |
| For- | Opening. |
| Gastro- | Belly, stomach. |
| Glosso- | Tongue. |
| Hemi- | Half. |
| Hemo- | Blood. |
| Hepa- | Liver. |
| Histo- | Tissue. |
| Homo- | Same. |
| Hydro- | Water. |
| Hyper- | Excessive, too high. |
| Hypo- | Under, decreased, less than normal. |
| Ilio- (a) | Ilium. |
| In- | In, into, within, not. |
| Infra- | Below. |
| Inter- | Between. |
| Intra- | Within. |
| Iso- | Same. |
| Kine- | Movement. |
| Labio- | Lips. |
| Later- | Side. |
| Leuko- | White. |
| Lipo- | Fat. |
| Macro- | Big. |
| Mal- | Bad. |
| Mater- | Mother. |
| Medi- | Middle. |
| Mega- | Big. |
| Multi- | Many. |
| Myo- | Muscle. |
| Neo- | New. |
| Nephro- | Kidney. |
| Neuro- | Nerve. |
| Ora- | Mouth. |
| Orchi- | Testes. |
| Osteo- | Bone. |
| Oto- | Ear. |
| Para- | Beside. |
| Per- | By, through. |
| Peri- | Around. |
| Poly- | Many. |
| Post- | After, behind. |
| Pre- | Before, in front of. |
| Pro- | Before, in front of. |
| Re- | Again. |
| Retro- | Backward. |
| Semi- | Half. |
| Somato- | Body. |
| Steno- | Narrow. |
| Sub- | Under. |
| Super- | Above, over, excess. |
| Supra- | Above, over. |
| Syn- | Together. |
| Tachy- | Fast. |
| Thermo- | Heat. |
| Thoraco- | Chest. |
| Thrombo- | Clot. |
| Trans- | Across, over. |
| Tri- | Three. |
| Uni- | One. |
| Uria-, uro- | Urine. |
| Vaso- | Vessel. |
| Viscero- | Organ. |
| -algia | Pain. |
| -ase | Enzyme. |
| -ectomy | Surgical removal. |
| -emia | Blood condition. |
| -eum | Membrane. |
| -genic | Produce, create. |
| -iatric | Specialty. |
| -ism | Condition. |
| -itis | Inflammation. |
| -sis | Process. |
| -trophy | Growth. |
| Element | The simplest component from which all other chemical structures are built. |
| Isotopes | Two or more forms of the same atom with different masses. |
| Trace elements | Chemicals. |
| Anabolism | A biochemical reaction in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances, resulting in the storage of energy; the production of new cellular material and growth. |
| Catabolism | A biochemical process involved in teh breakdown of organic compounds, usually leading to the production of energy. |
| Metabolism | The sum of all energy-producing and energy-using processes that occur in the human body. |
| Toxicity | Poisoning. |
| Atoms | Chemical elements, living or non-living. |
| Nucleus | The core of the atom. |
| Proton | Positive charge. |
| Neutron | Neutral. |
| Electron | Negative charge. |
| Molecule | Compound. |
| Compound | Molecule. |
| Ion | An atom that is positively or negatively charged. |
| Electrolytes | Substances that can break apart into two or more ions when placed in water. |
| Acid | A substance that will release hydrogen ions in a solution. |
| Solution | Two substances in uneven amounts mixed together. |
| Base | A substance that will bind to hydrogen ions in a solution. |
| pH scale | |
| Free radical | Reactive molecules the body produces as a result of metabolic processes or disease. |
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