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Cells and Tissues
Macromolecules of the Cell
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What make up the amino acids in a protein? | - 20 a.a. in protein - Peptide bond - classfied based on unique functional group (R grp) - only L- form stereoisomer found in proteins |
| Peptide bond | a covalent bond b/t amine grp of one a.a. and carboxyl grp of next a.a. --- ex: N--COOH |
| Nonpolar Hydrophobic amino acid | 9 a.a., mostly lacking O and N in functional group (found on inside of protein molecule) |
| Polar (hydrophilic) Uncharged a.a. | 6 a.a. (found on outside of protein) |
| Polar (hydrophilic) Charged a.a. | 2 acidic aa and 3 basic aa |
| What is a Polypeptide? | chain of a.a. joined by peptide bones; 2) formed in specific order for each polypeptide |
| The process that Polypeptides undergo? | translation = protein synthesis (mRNA --> polypeptide) |
| Proteins are composed of what? | 1) Monomeric - single polypeptide; 2) multimeric - multiple polypeptides |
| How many levels of organization are in a protein? | 4 {primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary structure) |
| What is the primary structure of a protein made of? | based on a.a. sequence |
| What is the secondary structure of a protein made of? | alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheet, determined by H bonding w/in polypeptide |
| What is the tertiary structure of a protein made of? | long-distance interactions w/in polypeptide due to H bonds and disulfide bonds |
| What is the quarternary structure of a protein made of? | interaction of multiple polypeptides to form multimeric structure |
| What are the functions of protein? | 1. enzymes, 2. structural, 3. motor, 4. transport, 5. storage, 6. signal, 7. receptors, 8. regulate gene expression |
| What are the characterisitcs of a lipid? | 1. hydrophobic, 2. soluble in nonpolar solvents, 3. mostly hydrocarbon chains containing C and H, 4. some have polar regions (making it amphipathic sometimes) |
| What are the classes of lipids? | 1. fatty acids, 2. triglycerides, 3. phospholipids, 4. sphingolipids, 5. glycolipids, 6. steroids, 7. terpenes |
| What are the functions of lipids? | 1. energy storage, 2. membrane structure, 3. chemical signaling |
| What are triglycerides? | a lipid; true fats for energy storage; 1 glycerol + 3 f.a.; triglycerides can be seen as fats (mostly SATURATED f.a.; solid @ rm temp) or oil (mostly UNSATURATED f.a.; liquid @ rm. temp) |
| What is a fatty acid? | an unbranched hydrocarbon chain w/ carboxyl group |
| What kinds of fatty acids are there? | 1) saturated fatty acid - all SINGLE bonds; 2) unsaturated fatty acid - one or more double bonds, changes shape |
| What are phospholipids? | found in membranes; 2) phosphate grp replaces one f.a., 3) usually have alcohol (serine, ethanolamine, choline, or inositol) linked to phosphate, 4) polar head grp creates amphipathic structure |
| What are Sphingolipids? | in membranes; 2) based on sphingosine (amine alcohol) instead of glycerol, adds a long chain f.a. to form a ceramide, 4) sphingolipid when polar group added to hydroxyl grp |
| What are Glycolipids? | in membranes; 2) carbohydrate grp replaces phosphate grp, 3) amphipathic bc of sugar grp, 4) frequently recognition site of other molecules |
| What are Steroids? | (3 + 1) three 6-carbon rings + one 5-carbon ring; 2) most common steroid = cholesterol: amphipathic bc of hydroxyl grp, found in membranes, source of all steroid hormones |
| What lipids are found in membranes? | 1. phospholipids, 2. sphingolipids, 3. glycolipids, 4. cholesterol (kind of steroid) |
| What are Terpenes? | aka isoprenoids, 1) derivatives of isoprene (5 C), used in synthesis of vit. A, co Q, carotenoid pigments |
| What are Polysaccharides? | made of monomers of monosaccharides (simple sugars) joined by (alpha or beta) glycosidic bond |
| What is the storage molecule of polysaccharides? | starch and glycogen |
| What is the structural molecule of polysaccharides? | cellulose |
| What kind of monosaccharides are there? | aldosugars, ketosugars, hexose sugars (6-C), pentose sugars (5-C) |
| What is the difference b/t aldosugars and ketosugars? | aldosugar: sugar with TERMINAL carbonyl group; ketosugar- INTERNAL carbonyl group |
| What is the shape of hexose sugars? | straight chain or ring form; most common is glucose |
| What makes up pentose sugars? | component of nucleic acids (ex ribose and deoxyribose) |
| What are disaccharides? | 2 monosaccharides linked by a GLYCOSIDIC BOND [ex: sucrose (glucose + fructose) and lactose (galactose + glucose)] |
| What are nucleic acids? | polymers of nucleotides |
| What makes up a nucleotide? | 1) nitrogenous base (purine, pyrimidines); 2) pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose); 3) phosphate (one or more phosphate grps) |
| What is the direction that nucleic acids synthesize? | always 5' --> 3' direction |
| What are the uses of nucleic acids? | 1) storage of genetic info (DNA); 2) expression of genetic info (RNA); 3) source of utilizeable chemical energy in cell |
Created by:
gracetheface85
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