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Myology 1
Lecture 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Spinal anatomy | 24 sm bones(vertebrae),stacked to create spinal Column,btw is intervertebral disc sep bones absorb shock,connected by ligaments,tendons connect to mm, facet jts link bones give flexibility |
| 3 main segments of spine | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar |
| Cervical spine | Upper 7 vertebrae |
| Thoracic spine | Center 12 vertebra |
| Lumbar spine | Lower 5 vertebrae |
| Intervertebral disc | Btw adjacent vertebrae,absorbs shock,permits various movements, fibrocartilagenous ring (annulus fibrosis ) and pulpy center (nucleus pulp opus) |
| Function of curves in vertebral column | Increase strength, maintain balance in upright position,absorb shock during walking and running, protect spinal column from fracture |
| Primary curves | Born with,thoracic and sacral curves formed during fetal development |
| Secondary curves | Develop after birth,cervical formed when infant raises head st 4 mos, lumbar forms when infant sits up and begins to walk at 1 yr |
| anatomy of typical vertebrae | body,neural arch,processes |
| body | large, round portion of bone, sup and inf surfaces are roughened for attachment of intervertebral disc |
| neural arch | attached to the vertebral body consists of several parts, pedicle, laminae,vertebral foramen,vertebral (spinal) canal |
| pedicle | two thick processes which project post from the body, uniting c the laminae. vertebral notches,intervertebral foramen |
| vertebral notches | upper and lower indentations on the pedicle |
| intervertebral foramen | opening formed btw adjacent vertebrae (when stacked) for the exiting of a single spinal nn. |
| laminae | flat pieces of bone forming the post portion of the vertebral arch |
| vertebral foramen | space btw the vertebral arch and body containing the spinal cord, adipose , and areolar connective tissue |
| vertebral spinal canal | formed by all vertebral foramina of all vertebrae together |
| processes | a total of 7 processes, transverse2, spinous1,sup articulating process2,inf articulating proc2 |
| transverse process | extends laterally from the lamina pedicle junction, funct for mm attachement |
| spinous process | extends post from the junction of the lamina, function for mm attachment |
| sup articulating process | articular processes that form jts c the vertebrae above |
| inf articulating process | articular process that form jts c the vertebrae below |
| facet | articulating surface of the articular process |
| cervical spine | first 7 vertebrae,starts just below skull-ends at t/s,lordotic curve,more mobile than t/s & l/s,special openings in ea transverse process in the vertebra in the c/s for the arteries supplying brain,all c/s vert except C1 and C7 have bifid spinous process |
| atypical cervical vertebrae | C1,C2 and C7 |
| Two vert in c/s differ from other vertebrae | C1 atlas and C2 axis,designed specifically for rotation. |
| C7 | large spinous process, vertebrae prominens, non-bifid spinous process |
| First cervical vertebrae | Atlas,sits btw skull and rest of spine, arches, spinous process,lateral masses, yes jt |
| C1 arches | atlas does not have a vert body, has thick fwd ant arch and thin post arch,no spinous process,has two lateral masses with support skul |
| C1 lateral masses | in place of vert body, support skull, aup articular facets located on sup aspect of the facet articulating c the occipital condyles. jt allows for yes motion. |
| Second cervical vertebrae | C2 Axis, odontoid process, no jt |
| Odontoid process | bony projection projecting upward rom the body through the front of the ring of the atlas, rotation to left and right, no jt |
| C3 - C6 | more typical vertebrae,bodies, spinous processes, transverse processes, lamina,and pedicles |
| thoracic spine | middle 12 vertebrae, connect to the ribs and from part of the back wall of thorax,very narrow,thin intervertebral discs,much less movement between vertebrae than l/s or c/s, kyphotic curve, body, process,facets/demifacets on body,facets on transverse proc |
| lordotic | reverse c curve |
| kyphotic | c curve |
| wall of thorax | ribcage area btw the neck and the diaphragm |
| T/s vertebral body | larger and stronger bodies than in c/s |
| t/s processes | longer transverse and spinous processes,spinous process directed more inferiorly, so that they overlap |
| t/s facets or demifacets on body | articulating surfaces for the articulation with the head of the rib |
| t/s facet | full indentation on the body fo the thoracic vertebrae |
| t/s demifacet | half facet on the body of a thoracic vertebrae |
| facets on t/s transverse processes | T1-T10 for articulation c tubercle of the rib |
| Lumbar spine | lowest part of spine,five vertebrae,strongest and largest vertebrae,short thick spinous and transverse processes-serves as attachment points for back mm |
| sacrum | triangular bone curves anteriorly, formed by the union of five sacral vertebrae, serving as a foundation for the pelvic girdle.sacral foramen,sacral ala,median sacral crest,sacral canal,articular surf,in female its shorter, wider,and more curved btw S2-S3 |
| sacral foramen | ant and post sacral foramen, allow passage of sacral nn |
| sacral ala | wings, upper lat portion of the sacrum formed by the fusion of transverse processes |
| median sacral crest | post crest formed by the fusion of sacral spinous processes |
| sacral canal | continuation of the vertebral canal,ends at sacral hiatus |
| sacral hiatus | opening for last spinal nn |
| sacral articular surface | on both lat surfaces for artiulation c the ilium of the pelvis |
| coccyx | triangular bone formed by the fusion of four coccygeal vertebrae, in female the coccyx points inferiorly while in the male it points more anteriorly |
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