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CHAPTER 6 VOCAB-BLIJ
The vocab for Chapter 6 of Blij's Human Geography book
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Language | A set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols used for communicating. |
Culture | The sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the member of a society. This is anthropologist Ralph Linton’s definition; hundreds of others exist. |
Mutual Intelligibility | The ability of two people to understand each other when speaking. |
Standard Language | The variant of a language that a country’s political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life. |
Dialects | Local or regional characteristics of a language. While accent refers to the pronunciation differences of a standard language, a dialect, in addition to pronunciation variation, has distinctive grammar and vocabulary. |
Dialect Chains | A set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related. |
Isogloss | A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs. |
Language Family | Group of languages with a shared but family distant origin. |
Subfamilies (Language) | Divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent. |
Sound Shift | Slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin. |
Proto-Indo-European (Language) | Linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language. |
Backward Reconstruction | The tracking of sound shifts ”backward” toward the original language. |
Extinct Language | Language without any native speakers. |
Deep Reconstruction | Technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language. |
Nostratic (language) | Language believed to be the ancestral language not only of Proto-Indo-European, but also of the Kartvelian languages of the southern Caucasus region, the Uralic-Altaic languages, the Dravidian languages of India, and the Afro- Asiatic language family. |
Language Divergence | A process suggested by German linguist August Schleicher whereby new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language. |
Language Convergence | The collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages; the opposite of language divergence. |
Renfrew Hypothesis | Hypothesis by Colin Renfrew where he proposed that 3 areas in the 1st agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to 3 language families: Europe’s Indo-European languages; North African and Arabian languages; & the languages in present-day Iran. |
Conquest Theory | One major theory of how Proto-Indo-European diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback. |
Dispersal Hypothesis | Hypothesis which holds that the Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and on into the Balkans. |
Romance Languages | Languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese) that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed. |
Germanic Languages | Languages (English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the west and south. |
Slavic Languages | Languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian) that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago. |
Lingua Franca | Today it refers to a “common language,” a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce. |
Pidgin Languages | When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary. |
Creole Language | A language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the mother tongue. |
Monolingual States | Countries in which only one language is spoken. |
Multilingual States | Countries in which more one language is spoken. |
Official Language | In multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government. |
Global Language | The language used most commonly around the world; defined on the basis of either the number of speakers of the language, of prevalence of use in commerce and trade. |
Place | The uniqueness of a location. |
Toponym | Place name. |