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Maria_Micro_chp5
chp5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| folded membrane containing the green photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll | Thylakoids |
| eukaryotic cell division | mitosis |
| allow movement of molecules in the cytoplasm | microfilaments |
| name the infungal cell membrane | -ergosterol (remember various sterols within membrane increase stability) |
| name of mammalion cell membrane | -cholesterol (remember various sterols will increase stability) |
| maintain shapes of the cell and enable movement of molecules within the cell | microtubules |
| formation during mushroom sexual reproduction | basidiospore -note: picture on slide look at and know |
| how does the ascus grow? | -only grows one way in shape due to space constraint -alienated know which round of meiosis to show up |
| sexual spores produced in a sac-like structure called "ascus" | ascospores |
| How are sexual spores formed? | involves the fusion of two parental nuclei followed by meiosis -note: picture on slide with formation of zgospores |
| looks kind of like a dandilion | a conidium of Aspergillus |
| -produced at tip of reproductive space bearing structure one filament under going figmentall | conidiospores |
| -formed within an enclosed sporangium -one cell goes many rounds of mitosis cytoplasm reproduce each nucleus surrounded by cells membrane | sporangiospores |
| How are asexual spores formed? | during mitotic division of a single parental cell [Remember 2 types: sporangiospores and conidiospores] |
| spore types (especially sexual spores are important criteria for) ___________ | fungal identification |
| sexual spores | zygospores, basidiospores, and ascospores (offspring originated from 2 cells) |
| asexual spores | sporangiospores and conidiospores (one cell produce having identical cells) |
| Fungi reproduce through 1._______ and 2.________ spores | 1. sexual 2. asexual |
| The stages in coccidiodes infection: | 1. Mold spores of Coccidiodes immitis are inhaled from soil 2. In lungs C. immitis changes and grows as yeast cell 3. the development of coccidiodomycosis |
| fungal dimorphism | -for some fungi, both yeast and mold phases can be observed depending on growth conditions -e.g. some pathogenic mold exists as mold in the environment, but as yeast after entering the host tissues: M -> Y shift (temp. determinant) |
| Majority of fungal species is found in what form? | -mold or yeast not both |
| produces spores for reproduction | -Reproductive hyphae |
| digest and absorb nutrients | Vegetative hyphae |
| no cross wall hyphae | -nonseptate hyphae -don't have septa Ex: Rhizopus |
| segmented and seperated by a cross wall hyphae | septate hyphae -have septa Ex: Penicillium |
| _____ may or may not divided by cross walls (septum) -filaments of cells | hyphae |
| molds (macroscopically and microscopically) | macroscopically: -cottony, hairy, or velvety texture microscopically: -hyphae -mycelium |
| Pseudohypha | -in yeasts -can form as a result of cells not completely separated during budding |
| mass of hyphae | mycelium |
| Yeasts (macroscopically and microscopically) | macroscopically: these colonies have soft, uniform texture appearance microscopically: usually single cells Psudohypha can form use fission or budding reproductive process |
| disease caused by a fungal pathogen | mycosis |
| What is the study of fungi called? | mycology |
| 1. Medical importance of fungi 2. Industrially important | 1. Ex: athlete's foot caused by dermatophytes 2. Ex: alcohol fermentation using yeast |
| What are the two morphologies of microscopic fungi? | 1. unicellular (yeasts) 2. filamentous (molds) |
| Fungi properties | 1. Ubiquitous in nature: mushrooms-macroscopic molds, yeasts-microscopic 2.there are two morphologies of microscopic fungi |
| true fungi | eumycetes |
| Classification of Eummycetes ("True Fungi") based on rRNA | 1.Chytridiomycota 2.Zygomycota 3.Asconycota 4.Basidiomycota |
| aquatic fungi linked to amphibian die-off -primitive, has flagellated zoospores | Chytridiomycetes |
| eumycetes contains | 2 subkingdoms: 1.Mastigomycota: Chytridiomycetes -primitive, has flagelled zoospores 2.Amastigomycota (most fungi) |
| Fungi Classification 3 divisions (phylum) named after the type of ___________ | -sexual spores 1. Zygomycota 2. Ascomycota 3. Basidiomycota |
| Zygomycota | zygospores; mostly sporangiospores (few conidia); nonseptate hyphae e.g. Rhizopus, Mucor |
| Ascomycota | -ascospores; conidia; septate hyphae -e.g.. Staphybotrys chartarum (the sick-building mold) Penicillium and Sacharomyces cerevisiae(small note:Baker/Brewer's yeast) |
| Basidiomycota | basidiospores; conidia e.g. mushrooms, Cryptococcus (a pathogenic yeast causing brain infections in AIDS patients) |
| The black bread mold ________ belons to the Phylum________ | -Rhizopus -Zygomycota |
| the sick-building syndrome black mold ________ belongs to __________ | -Stachybotrys chartarum -Ascomycota |
| no sexual spores observed, most now classified as Ascomycetes using genetic method; have conidia e.g. Penicillium Aspergillus | Deuteromycetes or Fungi Imperfecti -not able to reproduce sexually (looks like an x-ray of a hand) |
| Fungal nutrition all are __________: relying on _________ source | -heterotrophic -organic carbon |
| Fungal nutrition: majority are harmless__________ living off ____and_____ | -saprobes -dead plants and animals |
| Fungal nutrition: some are 1._______, living on the 2.________ of other 3.______, but none are 4._________ | 1.parasites 2.tissues 3.organisms 4.obligate |
| Fungal nutrition: What is the growth temperature? | 20°C-40°C |
| saprobes | -can't eat large compound need to break down and transfer into cell -known for secreting a lot of enzymes to break it down |
| mycoses in human | 1.From superficial (skin, nails, etc.) to systemic infections (Lung, Skin) 2. Usually through contact or inhalation of spores 3. Mostly skin infections |
| What is prevelent in Indiana? | Histoplasmosis |
| conidia(sp?) | -are a type of fungeal asexual spores |
| Algae | 1. the photosynthetic protists, have chloroplasts 2. inhabitants of fresh and marine waters -Kelps, seaweeds, euglenids, green algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, brown algae, and red seaweeds 3. Most are not considered human pathogens |
| Algae and Red tides | -algal bloom overgrowth of algae often due to warm wheather or pollution -can cause die of aquatic organisims -can cause food poisoning: some algae produce toxins which accumulate in shellfish |
| Algae unique morphology | enables identification cell wall, photosynthetic pigments, flagella, etc. |
| algae contain __________ as well as accessory _______ which include _____,______, and ______ | 1. green chlorophyll 2. pigments 3. yellow 4. red 5. brown |
| protozoa | "primitive animals" more complex structure and function most are unicellular no cell wall, more flexible in shape locomotion use cytoskeleton extension such as Pseudopods, flagella, and cilia |
| Protozoa Locomotion | use cytoskeleton extension such as pseudopods, flagella, cilia |
| Protozoa Inhabitants of fresh water and soil | -not photosynthetic -most are harmless, free-living in a moist habitat -some are animal parasites and can be spread by insect vectors |
| Most asexual reproduction involves 2 stages | 1. Trophozoites -motile feeding stage 2.Cysts -dormant and resting stage formed during encystment Note: lifestyle pic powerpoint |
| Protozoa some involve both sexual and asexual stages Examples | Ex: Mahria parasite Plasmodium |
| Trichomonas vainalis | -example of complex structure with the protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis -no cyst stage -sexually transmited disense caused by protozoas lives only as a trophozite -asymptmptatic increase risk for other sexually transmitted diseases |
| Classification is difficult because of______ simple grouping is based on method of ______, _______,______ | -diversity -motility -reproduction -life style |
| Mastigophora | mainly flagellates -primarily flagellar motility, some flagellar and amoeboid; sexual reproduct; as well as asexual (cyst and trophozoite) |
| Sarcodina | primarily amoeba -motile by pseudopods; asexual reproduction; most are free-living |
| Ciliophora | -ciliates have cilia for motility; trophozoites and cysts; most are free-living, harmless |
| Apicomplexa | -apicomplexans -motility is absent except male gantes; sexual and asexual reproduction; complex life cycle-cell parasite |
| 4 different types of Protozoa | 1. Amoeba 2. Ciliates 3. flagellates-Giardia 4. Apicomplexans |
| Amoeboid protozoa can cause | can cause brain infections amoebic dysentery etc. |
| flagellated protozoa | ex: Giardiasis |
| Apicomplexans protozoa | ex: Malarin |
| Ingestion of cysts from _________cause damage in intestines | food or water Trophozoites |
| Chegas disease involves a hemoflagellate protozoa (_______) reservoir host and insect vectors | Trypanosoma cruzi -can live in many mammalian and insect hosts |
| Name an active feeding stage of protozoa development | Trophozoite |
| Helminths | -multicellular animals with organ-like systems -3 types |
| 3 types of Helminths | 1. Tapeworms 2. flukes 3. roundworms |
| Tapeworms and flukes are also called ______ thin usually segmented no body cavity | -flatworms -each worm can harbor both sexes and fertilization occurs within one organism |
| hermaphroditic | -flatworms are usually this -contain both female and male reproductive organs |
| Roundworms | -nematodes -cylindrical -unsegmented |
| Trematodes or flukes are | flattened nonsegmented worms with sucking mouthparts |
| cestodes | tapeworm long, segmented |
| helminth Life Cycle | -complex lifestyle involve egg, lava, adult worm stages 1. infective form 2. intermediate host 3. definitive host |
| Infective form | eggs and larvae can develop in different hosts |
| Intermediate hosts | larval development occurs |
| Definitive host | adult worms and mating occur |
| Life cycle of intestinal fluke (_____). Snails are 1._______ while other mammals such as pigs or human are 2.________ | (Fascilopsis) 1. intermediate hosts 2. definitive hosts |
| The ______ host harbors the adult stage of the helminths | defenitive |
| vessicles derived from golgi apparatus | Lysomes -give details ex: contain what? involve in what? |
| What is it? 1. flexible framework of proteins throughout the cell 2. name 2 types | -Cytoskeleton 1. Microfilaments 2. Microtubules |
| human white blood cells lysosomes are involved in the killing of engulfed microbes | phagocytes |
| name this site for protein modification cisternae-noncontians membrane network forms condensing csesicles | golgi apparatus |
| coated with ribosomes the site of protein synthesis and transport inter the cistern | Rough ER |
| Lipid synthesis | Smooth ER |
| 1.___ name converts energy of sunlight info chemical energy ATP on thylakoids "Light reaction" which is the used to synthesize 2.____ | photosynthesis synthesize carbohydrates in the stroma (dark reaction) |
| name and explain orgin eucaryotic cells theory | Endosymbiosis Theory 1. eucaryotic cells are evolved from procaryotic ancestors through the ingestion of and intracellular symbiosis w/: 1. small aerobic bacteria=> mitochondria 2.cyanobacteria=>chloroplasts |
| What holds the enzymes and electron carrier for aerobic sepiration in energy production? | Cristae (inner membrane of mitochondria) |
| What does mitochondria contain? | -own DNA and procaryotic type ribosomes |
| What is the powerhouse of the cell | mitochondria |
| eucaryotic cell division involves ________ in which the cell and nucleus undergo several states of change | mitosis |
| Algae cell walls vary greatly: don't list this ________ have "glassy" ______ cell wall | diatoms have silicate |
| Eucaryotic cell membrane also contain membrane-bound ______ that account for 60-80% of their volanc(sp?) | organelles |
| What does algae have that fungi do not? in cell wall | chloroplast |
Created by:
mjoyriegsecker
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