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375 final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aritotle | Philosophy was called eudaminionisn. He believed happiness was the supreme good, and that it was a terminal goal that it can not be reached as the means to another goals end. |
| Aristotle properties | Believed happiness has two properties: independence and stability. independence: can't rely on others for your happiness Stability: you need to be reassured and know that you will be happy |
| Aristotle Virtue | He believed happiness is activity in accordance to virtue, and that virtue is doing well what is worth doing and what you are good at. The human virtue is to think therefore to be happy one must think |
| Measurement Validity | Validity means that you are actually measuring what you think you are measuring, and the the technique used is collecting the writing data |
| Objectively test for Validity of SWB (most commonly) | 1. Informant reports- most common. Researchers ask friends and family of the subject to take the same test as if they were the subject & compare the results. Usually correlates a (.6-.7) |
| Objectively Test for Validity | Physiological factors- they check left/right brain activity as well as heart rate variability. Judge facial features in photo graphs as well |
| Overestimation of Relationship between Money and Happiness methods | Aknin, Norton and Dunn asked people to evaluate the happiness of others based on their incomes, over 10 different income levels. They were also asked to do this for themselves. |
| Overestimation of Relationship between Money and Happiness Results | They rated those w/ low incomes as less happy than they actually are, but were pretty accurate w/ the happiness levels of people with higher incomes. |
| Overestimation of Relationship between Money and Happiness Implications | There's a slight positive relationship between money and happiness, but the relationship tends to be overestimated most of the time. People may strive for more income because they believe it will make them happier |
| Explanation of money and Happiness 1 | There's a relationship between money and happiness but it's not as strong as most people think and the directionality and cause of the relationship is unknown 1. There might be a relationship because happier people make more money |
| Explanation of money and Happiness 2 | The reason the relationship may not be as strong as most people would predict could be contributed to the fact that people with a lot of money to not appreciate mundane pleasures as much as people with less money do |
| Reason 1 for the paradox of choice | 1. paralysis- When people have too many choices there are too many options to choose from and they become overwhelmed and then they are unable to choose at all |
| Reason 2 for the paradox of choice | With the more choices you have you have higher expectations. When your choice doesn't reach that expectation you're not going to be as happy as you could have been. Also a great chance of regret and self blame, you could have picked better |
| Reason 3 for the paradox of choice | Opportunity costs- Even if you are happy with your decision you are still left wondering about the hypothetical "what if" and how things would be if you had made another choice |
| Parenthood Relationships why: well-being | One explanation for the relationship could be anxiety. Lino found that to a raise a child up until 17 years old without including college can average over $200,000. This could explain why SES is a moderator, since those of a higher one wouldn't worry |
| Parenthood Relationships why: marital satisfaction | An explanation could be due to the changes in the workforce now. ... found that parenthood is considered more stressful in the 70s than the 50s. More women are working now, & they need to give up that freedom of work to raise their children (mod.) |
| Beauty and Well Being Findings | Research has found that people who were photographed and judged for PAT in their natural states had higher correlations with SWB (.17) than pictures of them unadorned (.07) They found that gender may be a moderator since males had the highest correlation |
| Beauty and Well Being Results | They inferred that there may be a directionality about this. Since the natural pictures showed a higher correlation, they think that happier people may spend more time on their appearance, therefore they appear to be more physically attractive |
| Bottom up | its the total number of positive/negative life experiences that balance to equal your happiness (nurture) |
| Top-Down | pre-existing happiness is the cause of both pos/negative experiences and positive/negative perceptions of these experiences (nature) *happiness is a combination of both |
| Genes a Personality | Personality on avg. is 50% genetic major traits twin studies for extraversion: Swedish Study: found MZ twins correlated .51, DZ .21 Australian Study MZ: .52 DZ: .17 Twin study for neuroticism, Sweden, MZ: .5 DZ: .23, Australia MZ: .5, DZ.23 |
| Mechanism 1. Affective Forecasting | Immune Neglect: When people don't take their coping strategies into account when predicting future events. This leads to errors because people predict that the emotions following an event will last longer and be more intense than they really will be... |
| Mechanism 2. Affective Forecasting | Focalism: When people only focus on how the one event in question will effect future well being, and don't take other everyday activities into account. Error because this singular event isn't the only component of your future happiness |
| Mechanism 3. Affective Forecasting | Inaccurate Lay theories: |
| Mechanisms of Hedonic Adaptation: Contrst | Contrast is when new events compare more or less favorably with an extreme event. |
| Contrast- Epicurus | Epicurus thought that a key part of happiness was having low expectations, this ties in w/ contrast because if you have low expectations, when you compare what you thought would happen with what actually did it should look more favorable |
| Mechanisms of Hedonic Adaptation: Habituation | The general familiarity with the new set of circumstances that erodes the impact of the initial event. If people become familiar with their low expectations, new things will look more favorable |
| Do Extreme events alter happiness? Method | had three groups of participants (winners, victims, control) victims & winners no less than a month no more than a year. They surveyed them on past happiness, present happiness, predicted future happiness, and amount of pleasure taken in mundane things |
| Do Extreme events alter happiness? Resutlts | The winners had higher ratings in all three aspects of happiness compared to the control group, though the differences weren't significant. |
| Set Point Theory Revision 1. | Nonneutral set points: it was first thought that after an emotional event, people returned back to a neutral set point. However, Diener and diener ran a study and found that 3/4 of their participants' affect scores were about neutral most of the time |
| Set Point Theory Revision 2. | Individual Set Points: Diener and Lucas also ran a study and found that set points vary by person due partially to inborn personality based influences |
| Set Point Theory Revision 3. | Multiple set points Expanding upon that lucas, diener and suh found that happiness is made up of separate well being variables, positive emotion, negative, & life satisfaction & that each of these variables has their own set point, instead of one baseline |
| Why are People Social 1: | evolutionary view: social bonds boosted our ancestor's survival rate. Those that were social & joined with others had a better chance of getting what they needed to survive (food, sex, safety) They also had a better chance of reproducing |
| Why are People Social 2: | social brain theory: Dunbar. humans having a bigger brain doesn't aid in their survival, and big brains are biologically expensive. Larger brains dow however allow for more complex social structures |
| Pain of Social Rejection: Study 1 | Dewall gave participants either 500mg of ace. or a placebo 2 times a day for 3 weeks. Each night they took the hurt feelings scale. Found the acetaminophen reduced the self-reported hurt feelings |
| Pain of Social Rejection: Study 2 | They then studied the participants neural mechanisms & the affect ace. has on them. They took 2000mg twice a day for 3 weeks & the did the social exclusion task cyber ball while taking an fMRI. found that it reduced social pain related neural responses |
| Mechanism of social relationships: what is cortisol | cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland during stressful times in order to increase blood sugar, suppress the immune system, & aid in fat, protein & carbohydrate metabolism |
| Mechanism of social relationships: evidence | Seltzer split kids into 4 groups & measured their hormones using salivary cortisol. He wanted to study different hormone effects on each group. Those who had no contact/IM had much higher levels of cortisol than those who had contact |
| Self Enhancement 1 (Alicke) | better than avg: Ran a study & found that most people tend to contribute good traits as more descriptive of themselves than the avg person, but negative traits as less descriptive of themselves than the average. MOST people can't be better than the avg ( |
| Self Enhancement 2 (Jones and Berglas) | Self handicapping: Can be both created, where people purposefully do something to sabotage their success since they fear failure in order to protect their self esteem. Or created, where people just tell others they did in order to look better to them |
| Self Enhancement 3 (Lewinsohn) | self observer residuals: Had observers watch college students work on group tasks. Had both the observers and the students report how they preformed, and the students self ratings were higher than the observer ratings |
| Depressive Realism what is it | Individuals who are low in self esteem, moderately depressed or both are more balanced in self perceptions of good and bad aspects of themselves. Overall pos. & neg. self-relevance are equal |
| Depressive Realism: studies | Brown found that these people display a greater congruence between self evaluations and the evaluations of others. & Lewinsohn found that their self appraisals coincide more closely with appraisals made by objective observers |
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