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Psych Final Ch 8
Ch 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social psychology | the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people depending upon the social context |
| Culture | a program of shared rules that governs the behavior of the members of a community or society, and a set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most members of that community |
| Norms | rules about how we are supposed to act enforced by threats of punishment if we violate them and promises of reward if we follow them |
| Roles | social problems regulated by norms about how people in those positions should behave |
| Entrapment | a gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time, money, or effort |
| Social cognition | an area of social psychology concerned with social influences on thought, memory, perception, and other cognitive processes |
| Attribution theory | people are motivated to explain their own and other people’s behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to a situation or disposition |
| Situational attributions | we can identify the cause of an action as something in the situation or environment |
| Dispositional attributions | we identify the cause of an action as something in the person such as a trait or motive |
| Fundamental attribution error | the tendency, in explaining other people’s behavior to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate the influence of the situation |
| Self-serving biases | the tendency, in explaining one’s own behavior, to take credit for one’s good actions and rationalize one’s mistakes |
| Just-world hypothesis | the notion that many people need to believe that the world is fair and that justice is served, that bad people are punished and good people are rewarded |
| Attitude | a belief about people, groups, ideas or activites |
| Implicit Attitudes | we are not aware of them, they may influence our behavior in ways we do not recognize, and they are measured in indirect ways |
| Explicit attitudes | we are aware of them, they shape our conscious decisions and actions, and can be measured in indirect ways |
| Familiarity effect | the tendency of people to feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other |
| Validity effect | the tendency of people to believe that a statement is true or valid simply because it has been repeated many times |
| Groupthink | the tendency for all members of a group to think for the sake of harmony and to suppress disagreement |
| Diffusion of responsibility | when the responsibility for an outcome is spread among may people, it reduces each individual’s personal sense of accountability |
| Bystander apathy | the tendency of members in a crowd to avoid taking actions because they assume other bystanders will |
| Deindividuation | loss of self-awareness and individuality in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad |
| Alturism | the willingness to take selfless or dangerous actions on behalf of others |
| Dissent | deviance, non-conformity, and disagreement are not encouraged by most groups; studies of whistleblowers shoe that half to two-thirds lose their jobs or have to leave their professions entirely |
| Social identity | part of our self-concept based on the groups we belong to such as our nation, religious, or political group, occupation, or other social affiliation |
| Ethnic identity | a person’s identification with a racial or ethnic group |
| Acculturation | the process by which members of minority groups come to identify with and feel part of the mainstream culture |
| Ethnocentrism | the belief that one’s own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all other’s; aids survival by making people feel attached to their own group and willing to work on group’s behalf |
| Stereotype | a summary impression of a group, in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait or traits |
| Prejudice | a strong, unreasonable dislike of a group based on a negative stereotype |
| Stanley Milgram | man in lab coat telling subjects to shock other people |
| Phil Zimbardo | Stanford Prison Experiment |
Created by:
lygordon
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