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Chapter 12: Mongols

Chapter 12 Flashcards

Question	Answer
What kind of food-producing economy emerged in 4000 B.C.E?	Raising livestock.
How did the live stock raisers, use the livestock?	They used their milk, blood, wool, hides, and meat.
Why did they raise livestock?	The land they lived on didn't support agriculture.
What kind of livestock did they raise in this time period?	Horses, camels, cattle, and sheep.
In what grasslands did pastoralists/herders shape their societies?	The Eurasian and sub-Saharan grasslands.
In what deserts did pastoralists/herders shape their societies?	The Arabian and Saharan deserts.
Why were there no pastoral societies in the Americas?	No large animals.
How did pastoral and agricultural societies differ in their population?	Pastoral societies had less people.
How did pastoral and agricultural societies differ in their family units?	Pastoral societies formed bands of related kin. In agricultural societies they had cities.
How did pastoral and agricultural societies differ in their social structure?	Pastoral societes has kinship-based groups through male lineage. Clans could join together to make tribes. Noble and commoner ranking were based on the number of animals owned.
How did pastoral societies treat them women?	They had a higher status and played a bigger role in society.
What was the most characteristic trait of pastoral societies?	Their mobility.
What did the nomadic and agricultural peoples trade?	The pastoral societies needed food, manufactured goods and luxury items.
The trading with agricultural peoples led to what with the nomadic pastoralists?	The nomads became more organized.
How did the nomads become more organized?	They created tribal confederations.
What were some reasons pastoralists did not construct large empires?	They had no wealth for an army and they had a widely dispersed population that was hard to control.
What were some reasons pastoralists did not construct large empires?	They were very independent.
What were some reasons pastoralists did not construct large empires?	There were tons of internal rivalries.
How did the tribal nomadic states survive?	They raided, traded, and extorted.
What places did those nomads raid, trade, and extort with?	China, Persia, and Byzantium.
So those tribal nomadic states were like...	horse Vikings! WHOA
How are nomadic states formed?	Leaders of tribes made tribal alliances.
What kinds of leaders usually make these alliances?	A MOFO like Chinggis Khan, ya dig?
Once formed, these nomadic states...	became raiders.
When these tribal alliances were formed, what happened to the men and women of those tribes?	All the men became warriors and some women did too.
What new technologies were adapted or invented by pastoral societies involving horses?	A complex horse harness and a saddle with stirrups.
What new technologies were adapted or invented by pastoral societies involving warriors?	A small bow for using when fighting on horses and new armor and swords.
What kind of government did the Xiongnu create?	A strong confederacy from Korea to Kazakhstan.
What kind of leader did the Xiongnu's have?	Their ruler, Modun, made a political system with junior and senior clans. They had a tribute system with other tribes.
How are the Xiongnu, Turkic and Mongol empires related?	The Turkic and Mongol empires copied the structure of the Xiongnu.
Who were the Arabs?	Nomads made up of Arabs, Berbers, Turks, and Mongols.
The Arabs created...	the largest and most influential empires of the postclassical millennium.
What was the most important Arab development?	The camel saddle that let them fight atop the camels.
The camel saddle led the Arabs to?	Take control of all Arabia through Islamic expansion.
When the Turks became Muslim, what happened?	They became the third major carrier of Islam next to the Arabs and Persians.
Who had all the power in the Seljuk Empire?	The Abbasid caliph was the formal ruler, but Turkic sultans had the real power.
What kind of religions were transfusion-ing over in Anatolia?	They were formally ruled by Christian Byzantium and brought both Islam and a massive infusion of Turkic culture, language, and people.
The transfusion of all that Turkic culture led to what?	The Ottoman Empire, which by 1500 became one of the greatest powers of Eurasia.
Who were the Turks?	Nomads from Mongolia and eastern Russia.
What lands did the Turks encompass?	They spread south and west into central Asia.
When the Turks converted to Islam the _______ _______ was formed.	Seljuk Empire
Where did the Turks spread Islam?	From India to the Anatolia Peninsula.
Who were the Masai?	Nomads, who sometimes farmed.
Where were the Masai located?	Kenya/Tanzania (East Africa)
How could outsiders become part of the Masai?	They could obtain a herd of cattle.
How could outsiders become part of the Masai?	Learn the language.
How could outsiders become part of the Masai?	They could give a women in marriage to a Masai man and receive "bride-wealth".
What is bride-wealth?	A woman in exchange for cattle.
The Mongols controlled...	the largest land empire in history.
The Mongols linked _______ and _________ together as well as the _________ world.	Europe, China, Islamic
What was the size of the Mongol population?	700K
Because the Mongols were nomadic...	they left no real lasting cultural impact.
What religion did the Mongols have?	They worshiped their ancestors and had shamans.
The Mongols religion didn't...	attract outsiders like Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam did.
Because the Mongols were raiders...	they weren't concerned with the religions of those they just raped and pillaged.
Who was Chinggis Khan before he was Chinggis Khan?	He was Temujin.
How did Temujin become Chinggis Khan?	He made lots of friends and won lots of wars so the council named him Chinggis Khan which meant "Universal Leader".
What was Chinggis Khan's goal?	To unite the Mongol tribes and expand into China.
Why did Chinggis Khan want to expand into China?	Because they were rich and had lots of cool things.
Who was Ogedei?	Chinggis's son.
What did Ogedei do?	He spread the empire to the west.
What happened to Ogedei?	He died in the Battle of Legnica in Poland.
What happens when a Khan dies?	Everyone has to come back to Mongolia to crown the new Khan.
Who was Kublai?	Chinggis's grandson.
What did Kublai do?	He took over all of China and called the Mongol dynasty the Yuan Dynasty.
What happened to Kublai?	As he was going to take over Japan, a typhoon came and destroyed all the Mongol boats.
What did the Japanese call the typhoon?	A "kamikaze" (divine winds) that was sent by the gods to protect them.
The Mongol army did not have..	better technology.
The Mongol army did have...	a superior army which is why they were so successful. Another reason they were so successful is because the soldiers were so loyal.
Give an example of how the Mongol soldiers were loyal.	If one member of a part of the army left, all the people in the army were killed.
How did the Mongol army treat the prisoners of war?	They used them as human shields in battle or used them as fill for moats.
How did the Mongols conquer China?	The Song Dynasty was divided so the Mongols came in and turned it into the Yuan Dynasty.
When the Mongols took over China, they moved the capital to where?	Beijing, where it was originally in Mongolia.
Since the Mongols reunified China, many believed what?	They had the Mandate of Heaven.
What parts of the Chinese culture did the Mongols keep?	Many Chinese practices in order to govern an agricultural society.
What parts of the Chinese culture did the Mongols not keep?	The civil service system and they honored merchants more than the Chinese did.
How did the Mongols feel about the Chinese?	They didn't bother to learn Chinese, they discriminated against the Chinese and banned Mongol/Chinese marriages.
How were the Mongol women treated?	They didn't have to bind their feet and they hung out with men and hunted with them.
Who ruled in China during the Yuan Dynasty?	Kublai Khan
What was the "Forbidden City"?	A place inside of Beijing where only Mongols could go.
What happened in China in the 1300s?	The Yuan were forced out of China by internal rebellions.
What did "Yuan" mean?	Great beginnings.
What did the Mongols adopt from the Chinese when they ruled China?	Taxtation and governmental systems.
How were the Mongols changed by Chinese religion?	They supported Daoist temples and many converted to Tibetan Buddhism.
Mongols adopted ______ culture much more than in China.	Persian
How did the Mongols effect the Persians negatively?	Over-taxed them, pushed them off their lands and destroyed them.
How did the Mongols effect the Persians positively?	They started farming and married Persian ladies. Many Mongols converted to Islam and stayed even after Mongol rule collapsed.
What did the Mongols do to the Muslims in Persia?	They took Baghdad and ended the Abbasid caliphate.
When did the Mongol rule in Persia end?	The 1300s.
When the Mongols conquered Russia, what did the do?	They appointed local princes who had to send tribute to the Mongol capital.
What is this called?	Indirect rule.
In Persia, their culture took hold with the Mongols, in Russia...	it had a much less influence.
The Russians, however...	were more influenced by the Mongols than Persia and China.
What things did the Russians adopt from the Mongols?	Weapons, rituals, court, a tax system.
Why was Russia taken over by the Mongols?	The independent city states didn't unite to save themselves.
What was the greatest Mongol army called?	The Golden Horde
Although the Mongols didn't associate with any religions, they did allow which religion to continue in Russia?	The Russian Orthodox Church.
When did the Mongols lose their hold in Russia?	In the 1400s.
Although the Mongols didn't trade, what did they promote?	Global trade within the lands they conquered.
Where did the trade take place?	China to eastern Europe.
How did the trade effect the trading states?	For the Persians, Mongols, and Chinese this all caused diplomacy to be created among the states.
What are some examples of the technologies that flowed from east to west?	Printing, gunpowder weapons, compasses, and medical techniques.
The Black Plague led to what kind of changes with labor in Europe?	There were labor shortages.
How did the laborers react to the labor shortages?	Since there was a high demand for labors, they wanted higher wages and better conditions. Also, since there were less workers, they needed more technology and women were given more jobs.
How did the owners react to the labor shortages?	They needed more people and those people wanted to better wages and conditions which led to conflict. This conflict resulted in a series of peasant revolts in the 1300s.
How did the Black Plague affect the Mongols?	Since there was a population drop, it weakened their army. Also since there was less trade, they had less control.
By the 1400s, what had happen to the Mongol Empire?	It had shrunk, seeing as it had lost China, Persia, and Russia.
Where did the Black Plague start and how was it transmitted?	It started in central Asia and was transmitted by fleas on rodents.
Where did the Black Plague hit yo?	China and Western Europe.
Where did the Black Plague not really affect?	India and sub-Sahara.
How did the Mongols deal with the Black Plague?	Well, they catapulted infected, bloated bodies over the city walls they raided, so...yeah.
How did the Europeans deal with the Black Plague?	It's the Jews fault and also it's the end of the world. It's just how we handle things, us Europeans.
Why were nomads given such a bad name?	Since those who wrote history were educated and sedentary people, the nomads never wrote anything that could give them a good name.
What did those educated, sedentary peoples say about those lousy nomads?	That they were barbaric and destroying little animals.
Why did the nomadic peoples never write about themselves?	They were illiterate.
Pastoral societies...	were able to construct powerful and impressive civilizations on the arid margins of agricultural land.
Pastoral societies relied on what?	The keeping of domesticated animals.
Because of the way pastoralist lived, it led to what?	The generation of powerful and impressive civilizations with substantial populations.
Chinggis Khan strengthened his army ...	by borrowing Chinese techniques and technologies, particularly for siege warfare.
What did Chinggis Khan borrow from other societies?	He drew on settled agricultural peoples for both infantry and artillery forces.
How did Chinggis use some of the soldiers he had from China?	Some 1,000 Chinese soldiers took part in the Mongolia invasion of Persia.
The Mongol conquest of Persia...	was disastrous for agriculture in the region.
How did the Mongols have a negative impact on Persian agriculture.	Taxed the peasants, turned agricultural land into pasture for their herds, and damaged or neglected the underground irrigation system.
The Mongol conquest of Russia...	strengthened the hold of the Russian Orthodox Church in the region because it was during this period that the Church penetrated into rural areas more fully than before.
In the longer term, the population losses associated with the plague in Western Europe resulted in...	greater employment opportunities for women, at least for a time.

Created by: 1213RachelBlair

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