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Chapter 12: Mongols
Chapter 12 Flashcards
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What kind of food-producing economy emerged in 4000 B.C.E? | Raising livestock. |
How did the live stock raisers, use the livestock? | They used their milk, blood, wool, hides, and meat. |
Why did they raise livestock? | The land they lived on didn't support agriculture. |
What kind of livestock did they raise in this time period? | Horses, camels, cattle, and sheep. |
In what grasslands did pastoralists/herders shape their societies? | The Eurasian and sub-Saharan grasslands. |
In what deserts did pastoralists/herders shape their societies? | The Arabian and Saharan deserts. |
Why were there no pastoral societies in the Americas? | No large animals. |
How did pastoral and agricultural societies differ in their population? | Pastoral societies had less people. |
How did pastoral and agricultural societies differ in their family units? | Pastoral societies formed bands of related kin. In agricultural societies they had cities. |
How did pastoral and agricultural societies differ in their social structure? | Pastoral societes has kinship-based groups through male lineage. Clans could join together to make tribes. Noble and commoner ranking were based on the number of animals owned. |
How did pastoral societies treat them women? | They had a higher status and played a bigger role in society. |
What was the most characteristic trait of pastoral societies? | Their mobility. |
What did the nomadic and agricultural peoples trade? | The pastoral societies needed food, manufactured goods and luxury items. |
The trading with agricultural peoples led to what with the nomadic pastoralists? | The nomads became more organized. |
How did the nomads become more organized? | They created tribal confederations. |
What were some reasons pastoralists did not construct large empires? | They had no wealth for an army and they had a widely dispersed population that was hard to control. |
What were some reasons pastoralists did not construct large empires? | They were very independent. |
What were some reasons pastoralists did not construct large empires? | There were tons of internal rivalries. |
How did the tribal nomadic states survive? | They raided, traded, and extorted. |
What places did those nomads raid, trade, and extort with? | China, Persia, and Byzantium. |
So those tribal nomadic states were like... | horse Vikings! WHOA |
How are nomadic states formed? | Leaders of tribes made tribal alliances. |
What kinds of leaders usually make these alliances? | A MOFO like Chinggis Khan, ya dig? |
Once formed, these nomadic states... | became raiders. |
When these tribal alliances were formed, what happened to the men and women of those tribes? | All the men became warriors and some women did too. |
What new technologies were adapted or invented by pastoral societies involving horses? | A complex horse harness and a saddle with stirrups. |
What new technologies were adapted or invented by pastoral societies involving warriors? | A small bow for using when fighting on horses and new armor and swords. |
What kind of government did the Xiongnu create? | A strong confederacy from Korea to Kazakhstan. |
What kind of leader did the Xiongnu's have? | Their ruler, Modun, made a political system with junior and senior clans. They had a tribute system with other tribes. |
How are the Xiongnu, Turkic and Mongol empires related? | The Turkic and Mongol empires copied the structure of the Xiongnu. |
Who were the Arabs? | Nomads made up of Arabs, Berbers, Turks, and Mongols. |
The Arabs created... | the largest and most influential empires of the postclassical millennium. |
What was the most important Arab development? | The camel saddle that let them fight atop the camels. |
The camel saddle led the Arabs to? | Take control of all Arabia through Islamic expansion. |
When the Turks became Muslim, what happened? | They became the third major carrier of Islam next to the Arabs and Persians. |
Who had all the power in the Seljuk Empire? | The Abbasid caliph was the formal ruler, but Turkic sultans had the real power. |
What kind of religions were transfusion-ing over in Anatolia? | They were formally ruled by Christian Byzantium and brought both Islam and a massive infusion of Turkic culture, language, and people. |
The transfusion of all that Turkic culture led to what? | The Ottoman Empire, which by 1500 became one of the greatest powers of Eurasia. |
Who were the Turks? | Nomads from Mongolia and eastern Russia. |
What lands did the Turks encompass? | They spread south and west into central Asia. |
When the Turks converted to Islam the _______ _______ was formed. | Seljuk Empire |
Where did the Turks spread Islam? | From India to the Anatolia Peninsula. |
Who were the Masai? | Nomads, who sometimes farmed. |
Where were the Masai located? | Kenya/Tanzania (East Africa) |
How could outsiders become part of the Masai? | They could obtain a herd of cattle. |
How could outsiders become part of the Masai? | Learn the language. |
How could outsiders become part of the Masai? | They could give a women in marriage to a Masai man and receive "bride-wealth". |
What is bride-wealth? | A woman in exchange for cattle. |
The Mongols controlled... | the largest land empire in history. |
The Mongols linked _______ and _________ together as well as the _________ world. | Europe, China, Islamic |
What was the size of the Mongol population? | 700K |
Because the Mongols were nomadic... | they left no real lasting cultural impact. |
What religion did the Mongols have? | They worshiped their ancestors and had shamans. |
The Mongols religion didn't... | attract outsiders like Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam did. |
Because the Mongols were raiders... | they weren't concerned with the religions of those they just raped and pillaged. |
Who was Chinggis Khan before he was Chinggis Khan? | He was Temujin. |
How did Temujin become Chinggis Khan? | He made lots of friends and won lots of wars so the council named him Chinggis Khan which meant "Universal Leader". |
What was Chinggis Khan's goal? | To unite the Mongol tribes and expand into China. |
Why did Chinggis Khan want to expand into China? | Because they were rich and had lots of cool things. |
Who was Ogedei? | Chinggis's son. |
What did Ogedei do? | He spread the empire to the west. |
What happened to Ogedei? | He died in the Battle of Legnica in Poland. |
What happens when a Khan dies? | Everyone has to come back to Mongolia to crown the new Khan. |
Who was Kublai? | Chinggis's grandson. |
What did Kublai do? | He took over all of China and called the Mongol dynasty the Yuan Dynasty. |
What happened to Kublai? | As he was going to take over Japan, a typhoon came and destroyed all the Mongol boats. |
What did the Japanese call the typhoon? | A "kamikaze" (divine winds) that was sent by the gods to protect them. |
The Mongol army did not have.. | better technology. |
The Mongol army did have... | a superior army which is why they were so successful. Another reason they were so successful is because the soldiers were so loyal. |
Give an example of how the Mongol soldiers were loyal. | If one member of a part of the army left, all the people in the army were killed. |
How did the Mongol army treat the prisoners of war? | They used them as human shields in battle or used them as fill for moats. |
How did the Mongols conquer China? | The Song Dynasty was divided so the Mongols came in and turned it into the Yuan Dynasty. |
When the Mongols took over China, they moved the capital to where? | Beijing, where it was originally in Mongolia. |
Since the Mongols reunified China, many believed what? | They had the Mandate of Heaven. |
What parts of the Chinese culture did the Mongols keep? | Many Chinese practices in order to govern an agricultural society. |
What parts of the Chinese culture did the Mongols not keep? | The civil service system and they honored merchants more than the Chinese did. |
How did the Mongols feel about the Chinese? | They didn't bother to learn Chinese, they discriminated against the Chinese and banned Mongol/Chinese marriages. |
How were the Mongol women treated? | They didn't have to bind their feet and they hung out with men and hunted with them. |
Who ruled in China during the Yuan Dynasty? | Kublai Khan |
What was the "Forbidden City"? | A place inside of Beijing where only Mongols could go. |
What happened in China in the 1300s? | The Yuan were forced out of China by internal rebellions. |
What did "Yuan" mean? | Great beginnings. |
What did the Mongols adopt from the Chinese when they ruled China? | Taxtation and governmental systems. |
How were the Mongols changed by Chinese religion? | They supported Daoist temples and many converted to Tibetan Buddhism. |
Mongols adopted ______ culture much more than in China. | Persian |
How did the Mongols effect the Persians negatively? | Over-taxed them, pushed them off their lands and destroyed them. |
How did the Mongols effect the Persians positively? | They started farming and married Persian ladies. Many Mongols converted to Islam and stayed even after Mongol rule collapsed. |
What did the Mongols do to the Muslims in Persia? | They took Baghdad and ended the Abbasid caliphate. |
When did the Mongol rule in Persia end? | The 1300s. |
When the Mongols conquered Russia, what did the do? | They appointed local princes who had to send tribute to the Mongol capital. |
What is this called? | Indirect rule. |
In Persia, their culture took hold with the Mongols, in Russia... | it had a much less influence. |
The Russians, however... | were more influenced by the Mongols than Persia and China. |
What things did the Russians adopt from the Mongols? | Weapons, rituals, court, a tax system. |
Why was Russia taken over by the Mongols? | The independent city states didn't unite to save themselves. |
What was the greatest Mongol army called? | The Golden Horde |
Although the Mongols didn't associate with any religions, they did allow which religion to continue in Russia? | The Russian Orthodox Church. |
When did the Mongols lose their hold in Russia? | In the 1400s. |
Although the Mongols didn't trade, what did they promote? | Global trade within the lands they conquered. |
Where did the trade take place? | China to eastern Europe. |
How did the trade effect the trading states? | For the Persians, Mongols, and Chinese this all caused diplomacy to be created among the states. |
What are some examples of the technologies that flowed from east to west? | Printing, gunpowder weapons, compasses, and medical techniques. |
The Black Plague led to what kind of changes with labor in Europe? | There were labor shortages. |
How did the laborers react to the labor shortages? | Since there was a high demand for labors, they wanted higher wages and better conditions. Also, since there were less workers, they needed more technology and women were given more jobs. |
How did the owners react to the labor shortages? | They needed more people and those people wanted to better wages and conditions which led to conflict. This conflict resulted in a series of peasant revolts in the 1300s. |
How did the Black Plague affect the Mongols? | Since there was a population drop, it weakened their army. Also since there was less trade, they had less control. |
By the 1400s, what had happen to the Mongol Empire? | It had shrunk, seeing as it had lost China, Persia, and Russia. |
Where did the Black Plague start and how was it transmitted? | It started in central Asia and was transmitted by fleas on rodents. |
Where did the Black Plague hit yo? | China and Western Europe. |
Where did the Black Plague not really affect? | India and sub-Sahara. |
How did the Mongols deal with the Black Plague? | Well, they catapulted infected, bloated bodies over the city walls they raided, so...yeah. |
How did the Europeans deal with the Black Plague? | It's the Jews fault and also it's the end of the world. It's just how we handle things, us Europeans. |
Why were nomads given such a bad name? | Since those who wrote history were educated and sedentary people, the nomads never wrote anything that could give them a good name. |
What did those educated, sedentary peoples say about those lousy nomads? | That they were barbaric and destroying little animals. |
Why did the nomadic peoples never write about themselves? | They were illiterate. |
Pastoral societies... | were able to construct powerful and impressive civilizations on the arid margins of agricultural land. |
Pastoral societies relied on what? | The keeping of domesticated animals. |
Because of the way pastoralist lived, it led to what? | The generation of powerful and impressive civilizations with substantial populations. |
Chinggis Khan strengthened his army ... | by borrowing Chinese techniques and technologies, particularly for siege warfare. |
What did Chinggis Khan borrow from other societies? | He drew on settled agricultural peoples for both infantry and artillery forces. |
How did Chinggis use some of the soldiers he had from China? | Some 1,000 Chinese soldiers took part in the Mongolia invasion of Persia. |
The Mongol conquest of Persia... | was disastrous for agriculture in the region. |
How did the Mongols have a negative impact on Persian agriculture. | Taxed the peasants, turned agricultural land into pasture for their herds, and damaged or neglected the underground irrigation system. |
The Mongol conquest of Russia... | strengthened the hold of the Russian Orthodox Church in the region because it was during this period that the Church penetrated into rural areas more fully than before. |
In the longer term, the population losses associated with the plague in Western Europe resulted in... | greater employment opportunities for women, at least for a time. |