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A & P 01 E

CanColl May12 MCQ AP1 E

QuestionAnswer
def: Chemotaxis a process whereby a substance attracts cells towards or away from its vicinity - commonly found when phagocytic cells are drawn to invaders
what is the functional unit of the kidneys? the nephron
name the two functional parts of the nephron renal corpuscle and the renal tube
name the two components of the renal corpuscle glomerulus and the glomerular (Bowmans's) capsule
what are the three components of the renal tubule? proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle & distal convoluted tubule
name the two types of nephrons cortical nephrons and juxtmedullary nephrons
what is the dif between the two types of nephrons (anatomically) the cortical is solely within the cortex - the juxttamedullary includes both thin and thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle
what is the dif between the two types of nephrons (functionaly) juxtamedullary nephrons can excrete very dilute or very concentrated urine because of the longer thin loops of Henle
three steps of formation of urine filtration (water + solutes out into Bowman's capsule), reabsorption (most water and useful solutes retaken from prox con tubule), secretion (at distal end - waste into collecting tubules)
how do diuretics work they slow reabsorption of water ( step 2) and therefore elevate the urine flow and reduce blood volume
order of the components of the vascular system arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
describe flow of blood thru heart sup & inf vena cava, right atrium, right AV valve (tricuspid), right ventricle, pulmonary semi-lunar valve, pul artery, lungs, pul vein, left atrium, left AV (bicuspid/mitral)valve, left ventricle,aortic semi-lunar valve, aorta
what does the coronary artery supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself
is the cardiovascular system open or closed closed
nucleotides are the building blocks for DNA & RNA - the codes for protein synthesis
pulmonary circulation is referring to which side of the heart the right side
system circulation is referring to which side of the heart the left side
cessation of blood to the brain will cause loss of consciousness in what period of time? 5 - 10 seconds
hepatic portal circulation is referring to (arterial or venous) blood going where? venous blood is detoured from the GI-tract - thru the liver to be filtered and detoxed
60% of of blood is made up of plasma
40% of blood is made up of formed elements i.e. RBCs, WBCs and platelets
what makes up most of the formed elements in blood? RBCs represent 99% of the formed elements
hemostasis means blood clotting
what is the main function of RBCs and how are they composed iron and oxygen/carbon dioxide carrying - each has 4 hemoglobin molecules and each molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules
what is the main function of WBCs they support the immune system
name the two main types of WBCs granular and agranular
what do the two types of WBCs do granular: esoinophils, basophils and neutrophils agranular: lymphocytes and monocytes
what is the main role of the platelets in blood clotting - stopping blood flow when vessels are damaged
name the three tunics or layers of an artery from in to out - tunica interma (intima), tunica media, tunica externa ( adventitia)
which layer contains muscle tunica media
what is the hollow center of the vessel called the lumen
anastomoses unions of branches of two or more arteries supply the same body region
name the types of capillaries true capillaries, continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, sinusoids
the lumen of a vein is larger or smaller than that of a comparable artery? larger
veins maintain blood flow by the use of many _______ , which project into the lumen valves - thin folds of the tunica interna
def: blood pressure the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of a blood vessel
mostly - blood pressure is generated by what mechanism? the contraction of the ventricles
BP depends upon the total volume of blood in the CV system. What is the normal blood volume for an adult? 5 litres
Resistance refers to the opposition to blood flow as a result of friction - and is dependent upon what factors vessel diameter, vessel length and blood viscosity
cardiac output the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute
Stroke volume the volume of blood ejected by the ventricle with each contraction
Heart rate the number of beats per minute
How long on average does it take for the entire volume of blood (approx 5 L) to circulate or pass thru the system? about one minute
circulatory shock an inadequate cardiac output that results in a failure of the CV system to deliver enough oxygen to meet the metabolic needs of the cells
signs of shock clammy, cool, pale skin, tachycardia, weak rapid pulse, sweating, hypotension, altered mental status, reduced urine formation, thirst, acidosis, nausea
type of shock: hypovolemia most common type - decrease of blood volume resulting from a loss of blood or plasma
type of shock: anaphylactic shock severe allergic reaction - eg insect bite, injection of a drug, etc
type of shock: neurogenic occurs following a trauma to the head - malfunction of the CV centre in the medulla oblongta
type of shock: septic shock due to certain bacterial toxins producing vasodilation - the most common cause of death in hospital critical care units
type of shock: obstructive shock blood flow thru CV system is blocked - most commonly by pulmonary embolism
What are the stages of shock? Stage 1, stage 2 and stage 3
Stage 1 shock means syptoms and signs are minimal - body compensates to avoid serious damage - usually full recovery
stage 2 shock means blood volume drops more than 15 - 25% - compensatory mechanisms can not maintain adequate blood flow - immediate medical intervention is required
stage 3 shock (irreversible) rapid deterioration of the CV system - that canot be rectified - positive feedback loop - heart stops - and then you die
Created by: Hanz Onn
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