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APUSH LT #4
| Term | Definition | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Paxton Boys | Group of white men from Paxton, PA slaughtered innocent Indians near Lancaster, PA because of racial and government conflicts. (December 14, 1763) | No legal justice was served for the Indians, and the Paxton boys were not punished. The massacre led to protests over defense of the frontier and control over legislature in the colonies. |
| Regulator Movement | (S.C.) Organized effort to restore law and order and establish local governments in the backcountry. Circuit Court Act of 1769 instituted 6 court districts for the backcountry and the Regulators disbanded. (N.C.) Wanted the assembly to recall its officers | People in the backcountry tried to take matters in to their own hands for the government, but failed. Tension still remained between western farmers and the tidewater aristocracy after the movement was over. |
| Mercantilism | 1. Belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism 2. The economic theory that trade generates wealth and stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism | Led to the economic expansion of the colonies. |
| Navigation Laws | Series of acts of Parliament, first in 1381, an attempt to restrict English ships the right to carry goods to and from England and its colonies | The Americans did not like such control and went against the laws. These acts aided in the causes of the War of American Independence. |
| "Enumerated" Articles | sugar tobacco, cotton, and indigo, that the English colonies could export only to England in the 17th century | Main products of trade in the time period. Source of money for the colonies. |
| Molasses Act | March 1733, Parliament of Great Britain, imposed a tax of sixpence per gallon on molasses from non-British colonies. | This act was no passed to raise revenue, but to regulate trade by making British products cheaper than those from the French West Indies. |
| Writs of Assitance | Written oder issued by a court instructing a law enforcement official to perform a certain task. | Used by Great Britain to enforce some of the provisions of the Navigation Acts by granting them to customs officers. |
| James Otis | American political activist during the period leading up to the American Revolution | He helped formulate the colonists’ grievances against the British government in the 1760s. |
| George Grenville | A British Whig, who rose to be Prime Minister of Great Britain, Treasurer of the Navy, and finally Secretary of State. Best known policy is the Stamp Act. | Was partly behind the most controversial acts during the events leading up the American Revolution. |
| King George III | King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760-1801, until the union of the two countries, and was King of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in Jan. 1820. | He saw many changes in the American colonies and Great Britain during his long reign. |
| Proclamation of 1763 | issued 10/07/1763 by King George III. It was to organize Great Britain's new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native N. Americans through trade regulation, settlement, and land purchases in western frontier. | Helped to settle disputes with the Indians and avoid violent conflict. |
| Pontiac's Rebellion | War launched in 1763 by N.A. Indians that were not satisfied with British policies in the Great Lakes region after the British victory int he 7yr war. Many tribes joined together in the effort to force British soldiers and settlers out of the region. | The war led to peace negotiations over the next two years. The Indians were unsuccessful in their efforts, but it forced the British to change the policies that caused the war. |
| Currency Act | Act of 1751: restricted the emission of paper money by the colonies of New England 1764: extended the act of 1751 to all the British colonies of North Amer. | Created tension between the colonies and England, contributed to the American Revolution. The acts were a "major grievance" |
| Sugar Acts | revenue raising act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on April 5, 1764. | The molasses act taxes were never collected due to colonial evasion, the Sugar Act lowered the rate and took effort to enforce the tax. Americans became more and more skeptical of the British Parliaments' true intent. |
| Quartering Act | Act of 1765 that said colonists had to quarter the British | The Americans were opposed to being forced to house British soldiers that they didn't want in the colonies to begin with. |
| Stamp Act | requires a tax to be paid on the transfer of certain documents | Caused many conflicts in the colonies. Americans didn't want to pay the taxes. |
| Admiralty Courts | courts exercising jurisdiction over all maritime contracts, torts, injuries and offenses | These courts controlled all maritime issues, which included all the trading between countries |
| Virginia Resolves | series of resolutions passed by the Virginia General Assembly in response to the Stamp Act of 1765 | The Stamp Act was one of the most controversial acts of all, The Virginia Resolves tried to ease the struggles the Act caused |
| Patrick Henry | orator and a politician, leader of the anti-federalists in Virginia who opposed the U.S. constitution | led the movement for independence in Virginia |
| "No Taxation without Representation" | slogan that summarized a grievance of the British colonists in the Thirteen colonies | lack of direct representation in the distant British Parliament was an illegal denial of their rights as Englishmen, and therefore laws taxing colonist, and other laws applying only to the colonies were unconstitutional |
| External Taxes | Tax levied on goods coming into the colonies, like sugar, molasses, foreign goods | Colonists had no say in how these taxes were spent, Parliament had the right to levy the tax |
| Internal Taxes | Tax levied on goods produced within the colonies, such as newspapers, official documents, goods and services, in order to raise money | Colonists had no say in how this money was spent either because they had no representation in Parliament, so they thought the right to levy internal taxes should only belong to the colonists |
| Virtual Representation | George Grenville defended the taxes saying that the colonists were "virtually represented" in Parliament. | Colonists wanted their opinions heard in Parliament. This led to the Revolution because the colonies were being forced to do things with no control of their own to stop it from happening. |
| Stamp Act Congress | Meeting on October 19, 1765 in New York City of representatives from 9 or the 13 colonies. They talked and acted upon the Stamp Act | The congres argued that only colonial assemblies could properly make laws for the colonies, since the colonies had no representation in Parliament. |
| Sons of Liberty | Political group of American Patriots, it was formed to protect the rights of the colonists from the British government | Responsible for Boston Tea Party, which led to the Intolerable Acts, which led to the American Revolution in 1775 |
| Sam Adams | founding father of the United States, from Massachusetts, leader of Republicanism, elected governor of Massachusetts | He believed in independence long before the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. Influential politician. |
| Declaratory Act | declaration by the British Parliament in 1766 which accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act | The Stamp Act was repealed because boycotts were hurting British trade and used the declaration to justify the repeal |
| Townshend Acts | series of laws passed beginning in 1767 by British Parliament, acts named after Charles Townshend, who proposed the program; Revenue Act, Indemnity Act, Commissioners of Customs, Vice Admiralty Court, and New York Restraining Acts | The purpose was to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would be independent of colonial rule |
| John Dickinson | American lawyer and politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, represented Pennsylvania at the 1765 Stamp Act Congress | He wrote many documents, including Letters from a Famer in Pennsylvania, which talked about the influence of the Townshend Acts, also drafted Congress's declaration of rights and grievances |
| Massachusetts Circular Letter | Statement written by Samuel Adams in response to the Townshend Acts | argued that the Townshend Acts were unconstitutional because the colony of Massachusetts was not represented in Parliament. |
| Boston Massacre | led to the death of five civilians at the hands of British redcoats, on March 5, 1770 | A heavy British military presence in Boston led to a tense situation that boiled over into a battle between soldiers and civilians |
| Crispus Attucks | killed in the Boston Massacre | Mixed race man in boston who died on the spot during the massacre |
| Gaspee Incident | A british ship, Gaspee, ran aground in shallow water in 1772, in Rhode Island | The ship had been enforcing unpopular trade regulations, and when it ran aground a group of men boarded, looted, and torched the ship. |
| Committees of Correspondence | shadow governments organized by the Patriots | They coordinated responses to Britain and shared their plans, in 1775 they emerged as shadow governments and superseded the colonial legislature and royal officials |
| Tea Act | expanded the monopoly on the tea trade to all British colonies, selling excess tea at a reduced price. | The act rescued the East India company and seemed to validate the last remaining duty imposed by the Townshend Acts. |
| British East India Company | Controlled trade coming into the colonies. | Regulated what went in and out of the colonies as far as trade of goods. |
| Boston Tea Party | Protest in Boston by the colonists. A group of colonists boarded the ships and dumped tea into the Boston Harbor | The Boston Tea Party was the culmination of a resistance movement against the Tea Act. |
| Intolerable Acts | Also known as the Coercive Acts; laws passed by British Parliament in 1744 relating to the colonies. Four of the acts were passed because of the Boston Tea Party, and the fifth was the Quebec Act. | Colonists viewed the acts as a violation of their rights, led to the organization of the First Continental Congress to coordinate a protest. |
| Quebec Act | Act of British Parliament in 1744 setting procedures of government in the Province of Quebec | The territory was expanded, oath of allegiance was replaced with one that no longer made reference to the Protestant faith, guaranteed free practice of the Catholic faith, restored the use of the French civil law for private matters |
| First Continental Congress | Convention of delegates from all colonies except Georgia. 56 members appointed by the legislatures of the 12 colonies. | It was called in response to the passage of the Coercive Acts. |
| Lexington and Concord | First military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. Fought on April 19, 1775 in Massachusetts. | Marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between Great Britain and British North American colonies. |
| General Gage | British general, served as commander in chief of the British forces in North America during the American Revolution | Led very important battle during the revolution. |
| Paul Revere | American silversmith and patriot, messenger in the battles of Lexington and Concord, he helped organize an intelligence and alarm system to watch the British military. | Played part in the effort to alert the colonial minutemen about British forces, and also helped organize ways to keep an eye on them during the Revolution. |
| William Dawes | One of several men and a woman who alerted colonial minutemen of the approach of British army troops prior to the Battle of Lexington and Concord at the outset of the American Revolution | If the colonial minutemen were not alerted about the British troops arriving, the British could have surprise attacked the colonies and caused major issues |
| Salutary Neglect | unofficial British policy, to relax the enforcement of strict regulations, like the trade laws | Prime factor in the booming commerical success of Britain's North American holding. |
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