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APUSH LT#2 Period 2
| Term | Definition | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| "A Visible Saint" | Puritans that felt a full conversion experience and embodied Christian traits of those that would be saved, thus considered a full member of the Puritan faith. | People became moral beings in order to become a "visible saint" |
| Predestination | The Puritan belief, preached by John Calvin, that, before birth, God has already chosen whether a person would attain salvation or be damned to Hell for eternity. | Puritans would often work harder in hopes of reaching salvation |
| "Protestant Work Ethic" | Protestants believed that diligence and hard labor would please God and lead to prosperity | Lead Puritans settlements to prosperity and allowed them to sustain themselves longer than other settlements |
| Congregational Church | The Puritan belief in which authority over clerical appointments and religious doctrine belonged to local organization | Self-government became popular with other settlements, such as with the Pilgrims |
| Roger Williams | A religious dissident, originally a Puritan minister in Salem, Massachusetts, that founded Providence | Established the colony of Rhode Island in 1644 |
| Providence | Settlement in the Rhode Island colony founded by Roger Williams in 1644 | Allowed many religious dissidents to practice religious freedom |
| Anne Hutchinson | A woman in the Massachusetts Bay settlement who disagreed with the belief that salvation could be earned through good deeds. She was eventually exiled and settled in Rhode Island. | She embodied the discrimination against Puritan women who were unable to vote in church affairs and could not be ministers or preachers |
| "Antinomianism" | The belief that Christians are freed from the moral law by divine grace | Stemmed from Anne Hutchinson's claim that salvation cannot be attained from good deeds |
| Thomas Hooker | A former Puritan minister in Salem, Massachusetts who was banished from the colony for advocating toleration and questioning Puritan values | He established the town of Hartford and created the self-governing colony of Connecticut with a charter from King Charles II in 1660. |
| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | The first written constitution for the Connecticut colony created in 1639 | Formed the basis of democratic regime |
| Pequot War | In 1636, a Puritan militia attacked a Pequot village in response to the Pequot's resistance to English encroachment on Connecticut River Valley Lands. | The English's perspective of Indians as "savages" was reinforced, thus increasing the amount of missions established |
| Metacom | The Indian Wampanoag leader, who believed that White settlers needed to be defeated, and attacked white settlements throughout New England. | Formed military alliances with the Narragansetts and Nipmucks |
| King Philip’s War | A war started by Metacom that lasted from 1675-1676 | Resulted in thousands of both English and native deaths, which drove Indians into the backcountry |
| Henry Hudson | In 1609, he was sent by the Dutch to locate a navigable route to the East Indies | Stumbled upon the rich fur trade |
| New Netherlands | Dutch colony founded by the West India Company | Helped accelerate the fur trade as trade relationships formed with Indian tribes, such as the Iroquois |
| Patroonship | A landholder in New Netherlands was given manorial and propriety rights to large tracts of land under Dutch colonial rule | Advanced the colonization of New York |
| Peter Stuyvesant | The governor of New Amsterdam who ruled in an authoritarian fashion and rejected the demands of English Puritans for a representative system of government | Because of his rule, the residents of New Netherland offered little resistance when England invaded the colony in 1664 |
| Quakers | Persecuted in England for having a pacifist politcy towards Indians and refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England and serve in the military; rejected Calvinist doctrines and condemned extravagance | Their radical beliefs influenced William Penn's Frame of Government (1681)which prohibited a legally established church and allowed all property-owning men to vote and hold office |
| William Penn | After being granted Pennsylvania from Chares II, he molded the colony into a safe haven for Quakers and advocated their beliefs | Created a society that supported political and gender equality |
| Proprietary Colony | A colony given by private people favored by a governmenpersecutiont | Used as a way for rulers to pay off political and economic debts |
| Maryland Act of Toleration | Granted all Christian denominations to practice their religion with minimal persecution | As the first law to support religious toleration, the Act helped prevent religious persecution |
| Royal Colony | A colony founded by officials or people appointed by sovereign rulers. | Established the basis of colonial government through colonial assemblies gaining more authority over that of royally-appointed governors and council members |
| James Oglethorpe | The British general and member of Parliament | Founded the colony of Georgia |
| Jamestown | A British settlement in the colony of Virginia | The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607 |
| Charter Colony | A colony funded by a royal grant under the control of an individual, trading company, etc and exempt from interference by the Crown | Charter colonies were established in North America by England to begin settlements to find resources and trade routes |
| Powhatan Indians | A Virginia Indian confederation of 30+ tribes | They were the first major group to have contact with the settlers at Jamestown and were known for their hospitality towards them. |
| John Smith | English explorer and leader of the Virginia Colony based in Jamestown | He led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay and was the first English explorer to map the Chesapeake Bay area and New England. |
| Pocahontas | The daughter of Powhatan, the chief of a network of Indian tribal nations in Virginia | Notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. Her marriage with John Rolfe brought temporary peace between the English and Indians. |
| "Starving Time" | A period of starvation at Jamestown in the Virginia Colony during the winter of 1609–1610 in which all but 60 of the 215 colonists died | Most of the colonists died and it was unclear whether the new settlement would survive. |
| John Rolfe | One of the early English settlers of North America and spouse to Pocahontas | He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and his marriage with Pocahontas brought temporary peace between the English and the Indians. |
| Indentured Servants | A worker, typically a laborer or tradesman, under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities. | Indentured servants were critical to economic expansion because of their cheap labor. Indentured servitude was a popular way for immigrants to come to America and created stronger social stratification in society. |
| "Headright System" | System set up by the London company in 1618 that gave land to colonists who paid their own way to Virginia, or paid the way for someone else | Contributed to the expansion of the 13 British colonies |
| Virginia House of Burgesses | The first assembly of elected representatives of English colonists in North America, established by the Virginia Company | It was created as part of an effort to encourage English craftsmen to settle in North America and to make conditions in the colony more agreeable for its current inhabitants. |
| Anglo-Powhatan Wars | Three wars fought between the English settlers of the Virginia Colony, and the Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy in the early seventeenth century | The wars resulted in a boundary being defined between the Indians and English lands that could only be crossed for official business with a special pass. |
| Church of England | The officially established Christian church in England and the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion | As the English explored and settled in other parts of the world, they introduced new people to the Anglican Church, and numerous churches around the world began to follow the doctrine and principles of this church. |
| Puritans | Religious extremists who came to North America to escape persecution in their native countries. They believed that humans were corrupt and that people should live their lives according to the Law of God. | They established communities in which they led very strict lives based on strict religious values and principles. |
| "Pilgrims" | Early settlers of the second successful English settlement, Plymouth Colony, established in 1620. They fled England seeking religious freedom. | They established the first form of representative government in America with a written governing document (Mayflower Compact). They also made a separation of church and state. |
| Mayflower Compact | The first governing document of Plymouth Colony and the first case of colonial self-government in America. It was drafted by the pilgrims who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower and was signed on November 21, 1620. | It established a civil government based upon a majoritarian model and proclaimed the settlers' allegiance to the king. |
| Plymouth Bay | An English colonial venture in North America from 1620 to 1691. | One of the earliest successful colonies to be founded by the English in North America and the first sizable permanent English settlement in the New England region |
| William Bradford | An English Separatist leader of settlers at Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. He served as governor for over 30 years. | He was the second signer and primary architect of the Mayflower Compact. He was also the person who proclaimed the first Thanksgiving. |
| Squanto | A Patuxet Indian | He was the Native American who assisted the Pilgrims after their first winter in the New World and was integral to their survival. |
| Massasoit | The sachem, or leader, of the Wampanoag Confederacy | In March 1621, several months after the Mayflower landed, he journeyed to Plymouth and established peaceful relations with the settlers, with whom he shared techniques of planting, fishing, and cooking. |
| Massachusetts Bay Colony | An English settlement on the east coast of North America in the 17th century, in New England. | Frictions arose over cultural differences with the local Native peoples. These led to the Pequot War (1636–1638), and then to King Philip's War (1675–1676). |
| "Great Migration" | The migration of English settlers, primarily Puritans to Massachusetts, 1630-1640. They came in family groups and were motivated by a quest for freedom to practice their Puritan religion and by the concept of forming a "city on a hill." | Created a "nation of saints": an intensely religious community designed to be an example for all of Europe |
| General Court | The bicameral state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts | The General Court was responsible for enacting laws in the state. The two legislative branches worked concurrently on pending laws brought before them. |
| John Winthrop | A wealthy English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony | He served as governor for 12 years and his writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development, and influenced the government and religion of neighboring colonies. |
| "A Model of Christian Charity" | John Winthrop's 1630 sermon for Massachusetts' Bay that he hoped would inspire religious reform through Cristendom | Molded a representative political system that ensured rule by the godly |
| Virginia Company of London | A commercial enterprise based in London that governed the colony of Virginia (160-1624) | The London Company was responsible for establishing the Jamestown Settlement, the first permanent English settlement in North America, in 1607. |
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