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APUSH LT10
| Term | Definition | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Great Triumvirate | refers to the three statesmen who dominated the United States Senate in the 1830s and '40s: Henry Clay of Kentucky, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. | The time of the Triumvirate represented a time of rising political pressure in the U.S. It was responsible for symbolizing the opposing viewpoints of the American people and giving them a voice in the government. |
| John C. Calhoun | A leading politician and political theorist from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. | Intense and original defense of slavery as something positive, his distrust of majoritarianism, and for pointing the South toward secession from the Union. ? |
| Daniel Webster | Leading American statesman and senator from Massachusetts during the period leading up to the Civil War. Had nationalistic views, became one of the most influential Whig leaders of the Second Party System. | A statesman, lawyer and orator who advocated American Nationalism |
| Henry Clay | A lawyer, politician and skilled orator who represented Kentucky separately in both the Senate and in the House of Representatives. | Developed the American system and a slave owner that |
| American System | An economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century. Included tariffs, a national bank, federal subsidies, and other internal improvements. | Good for farmers in the west and Northeast, but not for the south. Resulted in an overdependence on cotton prices which then resulted in the Panic of 1837 |
| Second National Bank | Served as the nation's federally authorized central bank during its 20-year charter from February 1817 to January 1836. | Private corporation with public duties, central bank handled all fiscal transactions for the US Government, accountable to Congress and the US Treasury. |
| Tariff of 1816 | The first tariff passed by Congress with an explicit function of protecting U.S. manufactured items from foreign competition. | Before, tariffs had primarily served to raise revenues to operate the national government, but this tariff protected the U.S. from foreign competition. |
| Internal Improvements | Term used historically in the U.S. for public works from the end of the American Revolution through much of the 19th century, mainly for the creation of a transportation infrastructure: roads, turnpikes, canals, harbors and navigation improvements. | The improvement of the country's natural advantages by the developments of transportation was something that fell on both the government and individual citizens. |
| Era of Good Feeling | Marked a period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars. | It obscured conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national banks issue. |
| Election of 1816 | Election between James Monroe and Rufus King. James Monroe won on a vote of 183 to 34 | James Monroe was a Democratic-Republican and his presidency was called an "Era of Good Feeling" |
| James Monroe | Fifth President of the United States (1817–1825). Monroe was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States | Bought Florida from Spain and sought to ease partisan tensions, announced the Monroe Doctrine, |
| Panic of 1819 | The first major financial crisis in the United States, occurring during the Era of Good Feelings. | Unlike previous financial crises, this one was caused primarily by the United States economy, marking the end of economic expansion and brought in new financial policies that would shape economic development. |
| "Wildcat" Banks | State-licensed financial institutions that operated in the United States during the early 1800s prior to the Civil War (1861–65). | Banks weren't regulated by the Federal Government, but by the State. These banks issued paper money with no real backing behind it. |
| Reasons for Westward Expansion | One main reason was the idea of manifest destiny. Other reasons were population growth in eastern states, cheap fertile land, economic opportunities, cheaper and faster transportation, and knowledge of overland trails. | Formed the Midwest, which comprised of 6 states. New technology developed and was the cause of the continuation of slavery |
| Tallmadge Amendment | Sought to impose conditions on Missouri that would extinguish slavery within a generation. | Wasn't passed but Senate, passed a version of the Missouri statehood bill without the amendment. If adopted, the amendment would have led to the gradual elimination of slavery in the Missouri territory. |
| Missouri Compromise | An agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. | It prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory, except for in the boundaries of Missouri. |
| John Marshall | The Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835. | His court opinions helped lay the basis for American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches. |
| McColluch v. Maryland | A landmark decision by the Supreme Court, Maryland tried to impede on the operation of the Second National Bank by putting tax on notes not chartered in Maryland. | Supreme Court concluded that Congress had the right to establish a national bank because the bank was being used to further Congress' constitutional authority to tax and distribute funds. |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | A landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. | Until Gibbons v. Ogden, Congress didn't use it's power to regulate interstate commerce, and it was the first time the Supreme Court held that Congress had the power to do so. |
| Rush-Bagot Treaty | A treaty between the United States and Britain limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain. | It gave a way for the demilitarization of the lakes along the border where many British forces remained. |
| Treaty of 1818 | A treaty between the United States and Great Britain that resolved most of the long standing border issues between the U.S. and British North America. | It allowed for the joint occupation of Oregon. |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | Also known as the Purchase of Florida, was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that gave Florida to the U.S. and set out a boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. | It dealt with and settled the ongoing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a win for the United States. |
| First Seminole War | Erupted over incursions staged by the U.S. to recapture runaways who tried to join the Seminoles. | Jackson captures Spanish fort of Pensacola in May of 1818, but failed to put out the Seminole issue with two Seminole wars happening after. |
| Andrew Jackson | Seventh president of the United States and dominated the Second Party System in the 1820s and 1830s. | Dismantled the Second National Bank, initiated the removal of the Native Americans to further Western lands, 1830-1850 referred to as "Jacksonian Era". |
| Monroe Doctrine | A policy the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. Stated further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. | Freed the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention; New World and the Old World were to remain distinctly separate spheres of influence. |
| John Quincy Adams | Sixth president of the United States (1825–1829). He served as American diplomat, Senator, and Congressional representative. | One of the greatest diplomats and secretaries of state of American history. Authored Monroe Doctrine, played an important role in dealing with many international treaties, sought to modernize American economy, and promoted education. |
| Nationalism | A form of patriotism based upon the identification of a group of individuals with a nation. | It encouraged Westward Expansion and Manifest Destiny. It also encouraged the Monroe Doctrine |
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