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CHILD DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 11 - EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| emotion | feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her. Characterized by behavior that reflects (expresses) the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state he or she is in, or the transaction he or she i |
| primary emotions | emotions that are present in humans and animals, including surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust, that appear in the first six months of life. |
| self-conscious emotions | emotions that require cognition, especially consciousness; they include empathy, jealousy, and embarrassment, which first appear at about 1 ½ to 2 years and pride, shame, and guilt, which first appear at about 2 ½ years of age |
| basic cry | a rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry. |
| anger cry | a cry similar to the basic cry but with more excess air forced through the vocal cords (associated with exasperation or rage). |
| pain cry | a sudden appearance of loud crying without preliminary moaning and a long initial cry followed by an extended period of breath holding. |
| reflexive smile | a smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. It happens during the month after birth, usually during irregular patterns of sleep, not when the infant is in an alert state. |
| social smile | a smile in response to an external stimulus, which, early in development, typically is a face. |
| stranger anxiety | an infant’s fear of and wariness toward strangers; it tends to appear in the second half of the first year of life. |
| separation protest | occurs when infants experience a fear of being separated from a caregiver, which results in crying when the caregiver leaves. |
| social referencing | “reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation |
| stress | the response of individuals to the circumstances and events (called stressors) that threaten and tax their coping abilities. |
| cognitive appraisal | Lazarus’ term for children’s interpretations of events in their lives that are harmful, threatening, or challenging, and heir determination of whether they have the resources to effectively cope with the event. |
| primary appraisal | individuals interpret whether an event involves harm or loss that has already occurred, a threat that involves some future danger, or a challenge to be overcome. |
| secondary appraisal | individuals evaluate their resources and determine how effectively they can cope with the event. |
| temperament | an individual’s behavioral style and characteristic emotional response. |
| easy child | a temperament style in which the child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, and adapts easily to new experiences. |
| difficult child | a temperament style in which the child tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept new experiences. |
| slow-to-warm-up child | a temperament style, in which the child has low activity level, is somewhat negative, shows low adaptability, and displays a low intensity of mood. |
| goodness of fit | refers to the match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with. |
| attachment | a close emotional bond between two people. |
| strange situation | Ainsworth’s observational measure of infant attachment to a caregiver that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order. |
| securely attached babies | the infant uses the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment. |
| insecure avoidant babies | babies who show insecurity by avoiding the mother |
| insecure resistant babies | babies who might cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away. |
| insecure disorganized babies | babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented. |
Created by:
Jessica C
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