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Psych Part 2
AP Psych Chapter 3 and 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell nucleus | contain genetic DNA for entire body |
| chromosomes | tightly coiled structures of DNA. 23 from each biological parent. has genetic characteristics |
| genes | encode inherited physical and mental characteristics |
| order of cell nucleus, chromosomes, genes, and DNA | cell nucleus, chromosomes, DNA, genes |
| neuron | cell specialized to receive and transmit info to other cells in the body. bundles of neurons are called nerves |
| sensory neurons | afferent neurons. nerve cells that carries messages from sense receptors towards the central nervous system. one way. |
| motor neurons | efferent neurons. one way route that transport messages from the central nervous system toward the muscles and glands |
| interneurons | relay messages from sensory neurons to other interneurons to motor neurons. |
| dendrites | branched out fibers of the nerve cell that carry information into the nerve cell body. receiving end |
| soma | cell body. contains genetic mechanisms of the nerve cell. assess the messages the dendrites receive and relay to soma |
| axon | a long fiber that carries message in the form of electrical charges from the soma to the terminal buttons |
| resting potential | the electrical charge of a neuron when it is inactivated but READY to "fire" |
| action potential | neural impulse caused by change in electrical charge across the myelin sheath of axon. when neuron "fires" this charge travels down the axon and causes neurotransmitters to be released by the terminal buttons |
| all or non principle | the axon "fires" or it doesnt. it doesnt fire halfway or something |
| synapse | gap between neurons that serves as communication link between neurons |
| terminal buttons | structures at the end of the axon which contain neurotransmitters that carry the neuron's message into the synapse |
| synpatic transmission | relaying of info across the synapse by means of chemical neurotransmitters |
| explain process of the neurons | messages enter via dendrites to soma that passes message via axon via action potential to terminal buttons, the terminal buttons' tiny vesicles are ruptured & release contained neurotransmitters that cross synaptic gap to receiving cells' receptors. |
| do all the neurotransmitters in the vesicles dock into the receptor sites? | no, just some |
| reuptake | neurotransmitters that dont dock at the receptor sites of the receiving cells are taken back into the sending neuron. |
| myelin sheath | protect the axon and speed up neural impulse speed. thickness controls the speed |
| synaptic vesicle | small container holding neurotransmitter molecules that then connect to the presynaptic membrane, releasing the neurotransmitters into the snypase |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that relay neural messages across the synapse. many neurotransmitters are hormones |
| dopamine | control voluntary movements, sensations of PLEASURE AND REWARD |
| schizophrenia and parkinson's disease is caused by problems with | dopamine |
| serotonin | regulates sleep, dreams, MOOD, PAIN, AGGRESSION, APPETITE, AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR |
| depression, OCD, and other anxiety disorders are caused by problems with | seotonin |
| norepinephrine | MOODS AND AROUSAL and controls heart rate, sleep, stress, vigilance, and appetite |
| depression can be cause by problems with | norepinephrine |
| acetylcholine | regulates attention, arousal, and MEMORY |
| alzheimer's disease is caused by mostly probelms with | acetylcholine |
| gaba | regulation of anxiety and sleep/arousal |
| some anxiety disorders can be caused by | gaba |
| glutamine | top exccitatory neurotransmitter. learning and memory |
| endorphins | pleasureable sensations and controls pains. fight or flight response. |
| plasticity | nervous system's ability to adapt or change as the result of experience |
| glial cells | cells that bind the neurons together, provide insulating cover (myelin sheath) of the axon for some neurons which facilitates electrical impulse |
| nervous system | entire network of neurons in the body, including central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. neural impulse highway |
| central nervous system | contains brain and spinal cord. command central. |
| spinal cord | connector between brain and the other part of the nervous system |
| peripheral nervous system | connects central nervous system with rest of body via nerves. carries incoming messages to the brain and takes outgoing messages from the brain. has somatic system and autonomic system |
| somatic nervous system | brain's communication link with outside world. sense organs and components. has sensory (afferent) system for sensory input and motor (efferent) system for motor output |
| autonomic nervous system | independent. carries signals that control internal organs to perform regular and vital jobs-all unconsciously. has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions |
| sympathetic division | arouses heart, lungs,and other organs in stressful or emergency situations. fight or flight response system. in charge of arousal and tensino |
| parasympathetic divions | neural brakes. returns internal responses to calm and collected state. works cooperatively with sympathetic system. |
| what are the "neurotransmitters"--the chemical messengers of the endocrine system called? | hormones |
| endocrine system | hormone system. body's chemical messenger system, |
| pituitary gland | master gland that produces hormones influencing thee secretions of all other endocrine glands. gland that controls growth and development |
| electroencephalograph EEG | brain waves, electrodes placed on scalp. |
| CT scanning | computerized imaging that uses x rays passed through the brain at various angles and then combined into an image |
| PET scanning | imaging that relies on detection of radioactive sugar consumed by active brain cells |
| MRI | imaging that relies on cells' responses in high intensity magnetic field |
| fMRI | type of MRI that reveals which parts of the brain are most active during various mental activities |
| three layers of the brain | brain stem, limbic system, cerebrum |
| brain stem | contains medulla, pons, and reticular formation. most primitive contains survival functions |
| medulla | brain stem. controls breathing and heart rate |
| pons | brain stem. regulate brain activity during sleep and dreaming. |
| reticular formation | brain stem. controls alertness and arousal. |
| thalamus | brain stem. relay station. messages going into or out of the brain go through the thalamus. |
| cerebellum | regulate coordinated movements and complex movements |
| limbic system | middle layer of brain involved in emotion and memory. includes hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and other strucutres |
| hippocampus | memory processing |
| amygdala | emotions |
| hypothalamus | manages body's internal state. |
| cerebral cortex | major portion of the higher mental processing |
| broca's area | speecia muslce via moto cortex |
| angular gyrus | transforms visual representation into audiotry code |
| visual cortex | receives written words as wisual stimulation |
| wernicke's area | auditory code |
| four lobes of brain | frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal |
| frontal love | movement thinking |
| motor cortex | controls voluntary movement |
| parietal | touch sensations and perceiving spatial relationships |
| occiptal love | vision |
| visual cortex | visual processing |
| temporal loves | sounds, speech, memory |
| left hemisphere of brain | verbal, mathematical, analytical. logical, problem solving |
| right hemisphere of brain | nonverbal, spatial, holistic, imagintation, art, feelings, music |
| corpus callosum | connects two cerebral hemispheres of brain |
Created by:
LittleD331
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