Year of the first permanent English settlement in the U.S.
1607
Date of the signing of the Declartion of Independence
July 4, 1776
Year the U.S. Constitution was written
1787
President Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France in what year
1803
Years of the Civil War
1861-1865
The first shots of the American Revolution were fired here
Lexington
Site of the first battle of the American Revoltion
Conord, Massachusetts
The turning point of the American Revolution
Battle of Saratoga
Location of the British defeat by George Washington's troops which signaled the end of the American Revolution
Yorktown, Virginia
Fort Sumter
First shots of the Civil War where fired her in South Carolina
Battle of Gettysburg
turning point in the civil war for the north where confederate troops were forced to retreat adn ever invaded the north again
Capture of Vicksburg Mississippi
effectively split the Confederacy in two and gave control of the Mississippi River to the Union
Appomattox Court House
small town in Virginia where Robert E. Lee surrendered the Confederate Army to Ulysses S. Grant ending the Civil War
Mercantilism
is an economic theory that a country's strength is measured by the amount of gold is has, that a country should sell more than it buys and that the colonies exist for the benefit of the Mother Country
Abolitionist
person who wanted to end slavery in the United States
Tariff
tax on goods brought into a country
Protective Tariff
a tax placed on goods from another country to protect the home industry
Manifest Destiny
belief that the United States should own all of the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Temperance Movement
was a campaign against the sale or drinking of alcohol
Representative Government
is a system of government in which voters elect representatives to make laws for them
Republic
is a nation in which voters choose representatives to govern them
House of Burgesses
was the first representative assembly in the new world
Three Branches of Govnerment
Legislative, Executive, Judical
Checks and Balances
a system set up by the Constitution in which each branch of the federal government has the power to check, or control, the actions of the other branches
Free Enterprise
the freedom of private businesses to operate competively for the profit with minimal government regulation
Federalism
the sharing of power between the states and the national government
Separation of Powers
a system in which each branch of government has it's own powers
Popular Sovereignty
refers to a democratic system of government in which the people hold supreme power
Amend
means to change
Unalienable Rights
rights that cannot be given up, taken away or transferred. Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness
Tyranny
cruel and unjust government
Democracy
form of government that is run for and by the people, giving people the supreme power
Ratify
means to approve by vote
Judicial Review
the right of the Supreme Court to judge laws passed by Congress and determine whether they are constitutional or not
Civil Disobedience
the refusal to obey a government law or laws as a means of passive resistance because of one's moral conviction or belief
Federalists
these were supporters of the Constitution who favored a strong national government
Antifederalists
were people opposed to the Constitution, preferring more power to be given to the state governments than to the national government
Nullification
the idea of a state declaring a federal law illegal
Primary Sources
the original records of an event. They include eyewitness reports, records created at the time of an event, speeches, and letters by people involved in the event, photographs and artifacts
Secondary Sources
the later writings and interpretations of historians and writers. Often secondary sources, like textbooks and articles, provide summaries of information found in primary sources
Republicanism
was an attitude toward society in the late 1700's based on teh belief that the good virtue and morality of the people was essential to sustain the republican form of government
Industrial Revolution
the era in which a change from houshold industries to factory production using powered machinery took place
Magna Carta
signed in 1215 by King John, was the first document that limited the power of the King
English Bill of Rights
protected the rights of English citizens and became the basis for the American Bill of Rights
Declaration of Independence
document written by Thomas Jefferson, declaring the colonies independence from England
Articles of Confederation
first American Constitution. It was a very weak document that limited the power of the Congress by giving states the final authority over all decisions
Constitution of the United States
set out the laws and principles of the government of the United States
George Washington's Farwell Address
advised the United States to stay "neutral in its relations with other nations" to avoid "entangling alliances"
Monroe Doctrine
foreign policy statement by President James Monroe stating that 1) the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs, and 2) that the western hemisphere was closed to colonization and/ or interference by European nations
Treaty of Paris of 1763
ended the French and Indian War and effectively kicked the French out of North America
Treaty of Paris 1783
ended the American Revolution and forced Britian to recognize the United States as an independent nation
Northwest Ordinance
a policy of establishing the principles and procedures for the orderly expansion of the United States
Mayflower Compact
an agreement signed in 1620 by the Pilgrims in Plymouth, to consult each other about laws for the colony and a promise to work together to make it succeed
Federalist Papers
a series of essays written by James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton, defending the Constitution and the principles on which the government of teh United States was founded
Common Sense
a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine to convince colonists that it was time to become independent from Britian
Bill of Rights
first ten amendments to the Constitution and detail the protection of individual liberties
Gettysburg Address
short speech given by Abraham Lincoln to dedicate a cemetary for soldiers who died at the Battle of Gettysburg. It is considered to be a profound statement of American ideals
Emancipation Proclamation
Abraham Lincoln issued this on January 1, 1863, setting all slaves in the Confederate states free
Lincoln's First Inaugural Address
stated that, "no state...can lawfully get out of the Union," but pledged there would be no war unless the South started it
Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address
was meant to help and restore the country after four year of Civil War
Great Compromise
created two houses of Congress. One based on population, the other gave equal representation to each state
Sam Adams
was a member of the Sons of Liberty who started the Committee of Correspondence to stir public support for American independence
Ben Franklin
was an inventor, statesman, diplomat, signer of the Declaration of Indpendence and delegate to Constitutional Convention
King George III
was the King of England who disbanded the colonial legislatures, taxed the colonies, and refused the Olive Branch Petition leading to the final break with the colonies
Thomas Jefferson
wrote the Declaration of Independence, became the 3rd President of the United States and purchased the Louisiana territory, doubling the size of the United States
Thomas Paine
wrote pamphlets like Common Sense and The Crisis to encourage American independence and resolve
George Washington
was the leader of the Continental Army who became the first President of the United States
Andrew Jackson
was the leader of the original demorcatic party and a "president of the people." He was responsible for the Trail of Tears, which forced Native Americans west of the Mississippi River
John C. Calhoun
was a South Carolina Congressman and Senator who spoke for the South before and during the Civil War
Henry Clay
powerful Kentucky Congressman and Senator who proposed the American System and the Compromise of 1850
Daniel Webster
a Massachusetts Congressman and Senator who spoke for the North and the preservation of the Union
Jefferson Davis
the President of the Confederacy during the Civil War
Ulysses S. Grant
General of the Union Army and was responsible for winning the Civil War for the North
Robert E. Lee
was teh General for the Confederate Army
Abraham Lincoln
16th President of the United States who successfully put the Union back together only to be assassinated 5 days after the Civil War ended
Alexander Hamilton
leader of the Federalists, first Treasurer of the United States, creator of the Bank of the U.S. and killed in a duel by the Vice President of the United States, Aaron Burr
Patrick Henry
passionate patriot who became famous for his fiery speeches in favor of American independence. His most famous quote included the words, "Give me liberty or give me death"
James Madison
is considered the "Father of the Constitution"
Frederick Douglass
former slave who became the best-known black abolistionist in the country
James Monroe
author of the Monroe Doctrine, which shut down the western hemisphere to European expansion or interference
Harriet Tubman
an escaped slave who became a Conductor of the Underground Railroad and helped over 300 slaves to freedom in the North
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
organized the Seneca Falls Convention creating the Women's Rights Movement in the United States
1st Amendment
states that "Congress shall make no law" restricting freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition
2nd Amendment
guarantees the right of states to organize militias, or armies, and the right of individuals to bear arms
3rd Amendment
forbids the government to order private citizens to allow soldiers to live in their homes
4th Amendment
requires that warrants be issued if property is to be searched or seized (taken) by the government
5th Amendment
protects an accused person from having to testify against him or herself (self-incrimination); bans double jeopardy, and guarantees that no person will suffer the loss of life, liberty, or property without due process of law
6th Amendment
guarantees the right to a speedy trial by an impartial jury; the right to a lawyer; the right to cross examine witnesses; and the right to force witnesses at a trail to testify
7th Amendment
guarantees the right to a jury trial in civil suits
8th Amendment
prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail or fines
9th Amendment
states that the people have rights other than those specifically mentioned in the Constitution
10 Amendment
states that powers not given to the federal government belong to the states
13th Amendment
abolished slavery
14th Amendment
guarantees citizenship and rights to all people born or naturalized in the United States
15 Amendment
guarantees the right to vote to all citizens regardless of race
Marbury v. Madison
was the 1803 Court decision that gave the Supreme Court the right to determine whether a law violates the Constitution. It set up the principal of judicial review
Dred Scott v. Sanford
was the Supreme Court decision that said slaves were property and not citizens
Cotton Gin
an invention by Eli Whitney that speeded the cleaning of cotton fibers and in effect, increased the need for slaves
Steamboat
Robert Fulton revolutionized the transportation system and trade in the United States with this
Marquis de Lafayette
19 year old French nobleman who volunteered to serve in Washington's Army. Called the "soldiers friend" he used his own money to buy warm clothing for his ragged troops.
3/5 Compromise
the Constitutional Convention's agreement to count three-fifths of the state's slaves as population for purposes of representation and taxation
Virginia Plan
Plan proposed by Edmund Randolph that proposed a government with three branches and a two house legislature in which representation would be based on a state's population or wealth
New Jersey Plan
a plan of government proposed at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 that called for a one-house legislature in which each state would have one vote.
Dorthy Dix
helped fight for the cause of the mentally ill
Horace Mann
committed himself to a life of bettering humanity. President of Antioch College where he committed himself to education for both women and men and equal right for African Americans
Grimke Sisters
Two sistes who were daugters of a slave holding family. They spoke publically against slavery when women were not allowed to speak in public
Economic Reasons for Colonization
European investors hoped to make huge profits; colonists came to obtain their own land and opportunity
Political Reasons for Colonization
England's Rulers wanted wealth and power
Religious Reasons for Colonization
Many groups founded colonies to freely practice their religion: Pilgrims, Pruitans, Catholics, Quakers
Limited Government
the principle that requires all U.S. citizens , including government leaders, to obey the law
Individual Rights
a personal liberty and privilege guaranteed to U.S. citizens by the Bill of Rights
Proclamation of 1763
an order in which Britian prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains
Crispus Attucks
African American who was the first to die at the Boston Massacre
Committees of Correspondence
group of people in the colonies who exchanged letters on colonial affairs
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
No power to tax, No amry, No national executive, no court system, all 13 states had to agree to amend
Strengths of the Articles of Confederation
kept nation united during revolution, passed the Northwest Ordinance
John Paul Jones
founder of the U.S. Navy "I have not yet begun to fight"
John Marshall
He was the one who ruled in the Marbury v Madison trial that the federal courts had the power to determine whether or not congressional legislation was constitutional (judicial review)
William Penn
established the colony of Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers
HHS Shrek
