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minerals and geology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a mineral? | A naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a definite chemical composition and a characteristic crystalline structure. |
| What is the study of minerals? | mineralogy |
| How do scientists determine if a substance is a mineral? | Is the substance natural? Is the substance organic? Is the substance a crystalline solid at temperatures near the earth's surface? Does the substance have a definite chemical composition? |
| What form do minerals always exist in? | Solid form |
| What is a crystalline solid? | A solid whose particles are arranged in a regular, repeating, three dimensional pattern. |
| What is chemical composition? | The relative abundance of the different types of atoms in a substance. |
| Elements consist of how many atoms? | One kind. |
| Compounds consist of how many elements? | More than one element. |
| What is an example of a native element? | gold |
| What is an example of a compound? | Fluorite |
| How are minerals classified? | Silicate minerals and nonsilicate minerals |
| What are silicate minerals? | Minerals that contain a combination of silicon and oxygen. |
| What is 96% of the earths crust made from? | Silicate minerals |
| What is the most common silicate minerals in the earth's crust? | Feldspar minerals |
| What is the most common mineral found in sand? | Quartz |
| What are some examples of silicate minerals? | Mica, Talc |
| What is the softest known mineral? | Talc |
| What are nonsilicate minerals? | Minerals that do not contain an combination of silicon and oxygen. |
| What are the categories of nonsilicate minerals? | Native elements, carbonates, halides, oxides, sulfates and sulfides. |
| What are native elements? | Elements made from only one element. |
| What are some examples of native elements? | Gold, silver, and copper and sulfar |
| What makes up a carbonate mineral? | combinations of carbon and oxygen |
| What are some examples of carbonates? | Limestone, shells of marine oysters, cement |
| What is another name for rock salt? | Halite |
| What are oxides? | Compounds that contain oxygen and one other element. |
| What two elements make up sulfates? | Sulfar and oxygen and one or more metals. |
| What is an example of a sulfide? | Pyrite |
| What are the properties used to identify a mineral? | By color, luster, streak, hardness, density, cleavage, and fracture. |
| How many properties do you need to use to identify a mineral? | At least two. |
| What is luster? | The way a mineral's surface reflects light. |
| What is hardness? | The minerals resistance to being scratched. |
| What is the scale commonly used to measure hardness? | Mohs Hardness Scale |
| If minerals in the Mohs scale is not available then what scale could be used? | Field Hardness Scale |
| What is a streak? | The color of the powder left by a mineral when it is rubbed against a hard, rough surface. |
| How is the streak of a mineral observed? | With a streak plate |
| What is the difference between cleavage and fracture? | Cleavage splits along sets of parallel, flat surfaces and fractures split irregularly. |
| What are some other properties that are used to identify some minerals? | Taste, smell, magnetism, glow in ultraviolet light, feel, and radioactivity. |
| What are some actual minerals used by people frequently? | Salt, gold, silver, copper, aluminum, iron |
| What is malleability? | A substance's ability to be shaped or formed by hammering or pressure. |
| What is a malleable metal? | Aluminum, gold, silver,copper |
| What is ductility? | A substances ability to be drawn or pulled into wire. |
| What is ore? | A naturally occurring rock from which a useful metal or mineral is recovered. |
| What was the first alloy discovered? | Bronze |
| What is a rock? | A hard substance composed of one or more minerals. |
| What are the three main types of rock? | Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. |
| What are igneous rocks formed from? | Cooled and hardened magma or lava. |
| What is magma? | melted rock beneath the earth's surface. |
| What is lava? | Magma that has reached the earth's surface. |
| What are igneous rocks classified on? | The basis of their mineral content and their texture. |
| What are felsic rocks? | Light-colored, light-weight igneous rocks that are rich in silicon, aluminum, sodium and potasium. |
| What are mafic rocks? | Dark colored, heavy igneous rocks that are rich in iron, magnesium, and calcium. |
| What are intrusive rocks? | Igneous rocks formed when magma cools beneath the earth's surface. |
| What are extrusive rocks? | Igneous rocks formed when lava cools on the Earth's surface. |
| What are sediments? | Particles of minerals, rock fragments, shells, leaves, bones and other remains of once living things. |
| How are sedimentary rocks formed? | From sediments that have been compacted adn cemented together. |
| What does lithification mean? | To turn into stone. |
| What happens during cementation? | The water carries dissolved minerals through sediments and leaves these minerals in the spaces between the sediments, gluing them together. |
| What happens during compaction? | Pressure pushes the sediments together, squeezing air and water out the spaces between the fragments. |
| What distinguishes a sedimentary rock from other rocks? | Their layers, also known as beds. |
| What are clastic rocks? | Sedimentary rocks made of rock particles and fragments deposited by water, wind or ice. |
| What is a conglomerate rock? | A clastic rock composed of rounded, pebble-sized rock fragments. |
| What are some examples of clastic rocks? | Sandstone and Shale |
| What is the most common sedimentary rock? | Shale |
| What is coal made from? | Organic sedimentary rock made of carbon from ancient plant remains. |
| Would you be more likely to find a fosil in an igneous rock or a sedimentary rock? | In a sedimentary rock because they are formed on the earth's surface. |
| Where does Breccia rock form? | At the base of steep cliffs. |
| What is metamorphism? | The process of change in the structure and constitution of a rock. |
| What are metamorphic rocks? | Rocks formed when the structure and constitution of existing rocks change due to heat, pressure and/or chemical reactions. |
| What type of rocks can metamorphic rocks form from? | Any type of rock. |
| What is contact metamorphism? | It occurs when the heat of magma invades existing rocks. |
| What is regional metamorphism? | It occurs when large pieces of the Earth's crust rub against each other, causing heat and pressure that change existing rocks. |
| What is foliated structure? | A rock with visible layers or bands aligned in planes. |
| What are three common metamorphic rocks with a foliated structure? | Slate, Schist, and gneiss. |
| What is an example of a rock with nonfoliated structure? | Marble |
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