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Ch.1 Body as a whole
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Active transport | transport of substances into or out of a cell using energy. |
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (ah-DEN-o-seen tri-FOS-fate) | compound that stores energy in the muscles. When ATP is broken down during catabolic reactions, it releases energy |
| Anabolism (ah-NAB-o-lizm) | Chemical processes in the body that join simple compounds to form more complex compounds of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The processes require energy supplied from adenosine triphosphate. |
| Anatomy (ah-NAT-o-mee) | study of the structures of the body and the relationships of its parts |
| Apical surface | surface of an epithelial cell that is exposed to the external environment. |
| Atom | smallest particle of an element that retains and exhibits the properties of that element. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
| Atrophy (AT-ro-fee) | decrease in the size of a body part or organ caused by a decrease in the size of the cells. |
| Basal surface (BA-sal) | tissue surface that faces the inside of the body. |
| Basement membrane | permeable membrane that attaches epithelial tissues to the underlying connective tissues. |
| Carbohydrates | Sugars, starches, and cellulose composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
| Cardiac muscle fibers | smaller, striated, involuntary muscle fibers (cells) in the heart that contract to pump blood. |
| Catabolism (kah-TAB-o-lizm) | chemical processes in the body that release energy as complex compounds are broken down into simpler ones. |
| Cell | basic structural unit of a living organism. A cell contains a nucleus and cytoplasm and is surrounded by a membrane. |
| Collagen (KOL-ah-jen) | protein substance composed of small fibrils that combine to create the connective tissue of fasciae, tendons, and ligaments. When combined with water, it forms gelatin. Collagen constitutes approximately one fourth of the protein in the body. |
| Collagenous fibers | strong fibers with little capacity for stretch. They have a high degree of tensile strength, which allows them to withstand longitudinal stress. |
| Connective tissue | most abundant type of tissue in the body, connective tissue supports and holds together the body and its parts, protects the body from foreign matter, and is organized to transport substances throughout the body. |
| Compound | substances made up of different kinds of atoms |
| Cytosol (SI-to-sol) | fluid that surrounds the nucleus or organelles inside the cell membrane. |
| Cytoplasm (SI-to-plasm) | material enclosed by the cell membrane |
| Cytoskeleton (SI-to-skel-e-ton) | framework of proteins inside the cell providing flexibility and strength. |
| Developmental anatomy | how anatomy changes over the life cycle |
| Diffusion (di-FU-zhun) | movement of ions and molecules from an area of higher concentration to that of a lower concentration. |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | genetic material of the cell that carries the chemical “blueprint” of the body. |
| Elastic fibers | Connective tissue fibers that are extensible and elastic. They are made of a protein called elastin, which returns to its original length after being stretched |
| Element (EL-a-ment) | substance containing only a single kind of atom |
| Endocytosis (EN-do-sy-TO-sis) | cellular process of engulfing particles located outside the cell membrane into a cell by forming vesicles. |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (EN-do-PLAS-mic re-TIC-u-lum) | network of intracellular membranes in the form of tubes that is connected to the nuclear membrane |
| Energy | capacity to work. Work is movement or a change in the physical structure of matter. |
| Epithelial tissues (ep-i-THEE-lee-al | specialized group of tissues that cover & protect the surface of the body and its parts, line body cavities, and form glands. Epithelial tissue usually is found in areas that move substances into and out of the body during secretion, absorption, excretion |
| Exocytosis (EX-o-sy-TO-sis) | movement of substances out of a cell. |
| Gross anatomy | study of body structures visible to the naked eye. |
| High-energy bonds | Covalent bonds created in specific organic substrates in the presence of enzymes. |
| Homeostasis (ho-me-o-STA-sis) relatively constant state of the internal environment of the body that is maintained by adaptive responses. Specific control and feedback mechanisms are responsible for adjusting body systems to maintain this state. | relatively constant state of the internal environment of the body that is maintained by adaptive responses. Specific control and feedback mechanisms are responsible for adjusting body systems to maintain this state. |
| Hypertrophy (hye-PER-tro-fee) | increase in the size of a cell, which results in an increase in the size of a body part or organ. |
| Impermeable (im-PER-me-abl) | quality of not permitting entry of a substance. |
| Inorganic compounds | chemical structures that do not have carbon and hydrogen atoms as the primary structure. |
| Interphase (IN-ter-faze) | period during which a cell grows and carries on its activities. |
| Ion pumps | carriers that transport substances into or out of a cell using energy |
| Lipids (LIP-idz) | organic compounds that have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms but in a different proportion than that of carbohydrates. |
| Lysosome (LY-so-som) | cell organelle that is part of the intracellular digestive system. |
| Matrix basic substance between the cells of a tissue. (more) | Composed of anamorphous ground substance consisting of molecules that expand when water molecules & electrolytes bind to them.About 90% of connective tissue is ground substance.Fibers make up the other component |
| Meiosis (my-O-sis) | type of cell division in which each daughter cell receives half the normal number of chromosomes, forming two reproductive cells. |
| Membrane | thin, sheetlike layer of tissue that covers a cell, an organ, or some other structure; that lines a tube or a cavity; or that divides or separates one part from another. |
| Metabolism (me-TAB-o-lizm) | chemical processes in the body that convert food and air into energy to support growth, distribution of nutrients, and elimination of waste. |
| Metabolites (me-TAB-o-lyts) | molecules synthesized or broken down inside the body by chemical reactions. |
| Microvilli (MY-kro-VIL-li) | small projections of the cell membrane that increase the surface area of the cell. |
| Mitochondria (MY-to-KON-dre-a) | cell organelles of rod or oval shape that provide energy for cellular activity. |
| Mitosis (my-TOE-sis) | cell division in which the cell duplicates its DNA and divides into two identical daughter cells. |
| Molecule (MOL-e-kyool) | combination of two or more atoms. A molecule is the smallest portion of a substance that can exist separately without losing the physical and chemical properties of that substance. |
| Muscle tissue | A specialized form of tissue that contracts and shortens to provide movement, maintain posture, and produce heat. |
| Nervous tissue | specialized tissue that coordinates and regulates body activity. It can develop more excitability and conductivity than other types of tissue. |
| Nutrients | essential elements and molecules that are obtained from the diet and that are required by the body for normal body function |
| Organelles (or-gan-NELLZ) | basic components of a cell that perform specific functions within the cell. |
| Organic compounds | substances that have carbon and hydrogen as part of their basic structure |
| Osmosis (oz-MO-sis) | diffusion of water from a region of lower concentration of solution to a region of higher concentration of solution across the semipermeable membrane of a cell. |
| Passive transport | transportation of a substance across the cell membrane without the use of energy. |
| Phagocytosis (FA-go-sy-TO-sis) | process of endocytosis followed by digestion of the vesicle's contents by enzymes present in the cytoplasm. |
| Phospholipid bilayer (FOS-fo-LIP-id) | cell membrane made up of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins |
| Physiology (fiz-ee-OL-o-jee) | study of the processes and functions of the body involved in supporting life. |
| Proteins | substances formed from amino acids |
| Regional anatomy | study of the structures of a particular area of the body |
| Reticular fibers (ri-TIK-u-lar) | Delicate, connective tissue fibers that occur in networks and support small structures, such as capillaries, nerve fibers, and the basement membrane. Reticular fibers are made of a specialized type of collagen called reticulin. |
| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) (RYE-bo-noo-KLEE-ik) | type of nucleic acid |
| Skeletal muscle fibers | large, cross-striated cells that are connected to the skeleton and are under voluntary control of the nervous system. |
| Smooth muscle fibers | muscle fibers that are neither striated nor voluntary. These muscle cells help regulate blood flow through the cardiovascular system, propel food through the gut, and squeeze secretions from glands. |
| Surface anatomy | study of internal organs and structures as they can be recognized and related to external features. |
| Systemic anatomy | study of the structure of a particular body system |
| Tissue (TISH-yoo) | group of similar cells that work together to perform a common function. |
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