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Ab Psych Chapter 3
Abnormal Psychology Clinical and Scientific Perspective by Lyons and Martin
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Unconscious | In psychoanalytic theory , that part of the mind outside of conscious awareness, containing hidden instincts, impulses, and memories |
| Oedipal Conflict | In Freudian theory, the erotic attachment to opposite-sex parent, involving feelings of competition and hostility toward same-sex parent, and fears of retaliation(castration anxiety in boys) from the same-sex parent. |
| Defense Mechanisms | In Freudian theory, strategies whereby a person avoids anxiety-arousing experiences |
| Repression | Defense Mechanism in which the anxiety-arousing memory or impulse is prevented form becoming conscious |
| Reaction Formation | Defense mechanism in which a person behaves in a way directly opposite form some underlying impulse. |
| Isolation | Defense mechanism in which person separates emotions from intellectual content, or otherwise separates experiences that would be anxiety arousing if permitted to occur together. |
| Displacement | Defense mechanism in which the person shifts a reaction from some original target person or situation (e.g. anger displaced from boss to family) |
| Projection | Defense mechanism in which the person disowns some impulse and attributes it to another person |
| Intrapsychic | Refers to unobservable mental events such as ideas, wishes, and unconscious. |
| id | In Freudian theory, that part of the mind form which instinctual impulses originate |
| ego | In Freudian theory, that part of the mind that mediates between id impulses and external reality |
| superego | In Freudian theory, the internalized representative of parental or cultural values |
| libido | Psychoanalytic concept referring to the sexual instincts |
| Fixations | In Freudian theory,refers to an unusual investment of libidinal energy at a certain psychosexual stage |
| Regressions | In Freudian theory, refers to a return to some earlier stage of psychosexual development in the face of some current frustration. |
| Phobia | Strong, irrational fear of some specific object, animal, or situation. |
| Free association | Basic procedure in psychoanalysis in which the patient is asked to say whatever comes to mind without censorship |
| Resistance | In psychoanalysis, the phenomenon in which patients unconsciously resist gaining insight into unconscious motives and conflicts. |
| Transference | Irrational emotional reaction of patient to the therapist(usually in psychoanalysis) in which early attitudes toward parents are "transferred" to the therapist. |
| Behaviorism | An approach to understanding behavior that emphasizes the relation between observable behavior and specifiable environmental events (or stimuli) |
| Reinforcement | Consequence following a response that increases the likelihood that, in the same situation, the response will be repeated in the future. |
| Primary Reinforcers | Events, usually biological in nature, that almost always provide reinforcement, such as eating when hungry; primary reinforcers do not acquire their reinforcing properties through learning. |
| Punishers | Types of consequences that weaken or suppress the behaviors that produce them. |
| Positive Reinforcement | The contingent presentation of a pleasant result, which strengthens subsequent responding |
| Negative Reinforcement | The contingent removal of a unpleasant stimulus, which strengthens subsequent responding |
| Discriminative stimulus | A stimulus that serves as a signal that a certain response will lead to a reinforcement |
| Reversal Design | Experimental design in which new reinforcement contingencies are instated for a period of time, followed by reinstatement of the old reinforcement contingencies, and finally the installment of the original, new contingencies; sometimes a fourth reversal i |
| Modeling | Teaching a behavior by performing the behavior and having the learner imitate it |
| Systematic Desensitization | A counterconditioning procedure in which subjects are exposed to a gradually stronger anxiety-producing stimuli while maintaining a state of relaxation |
| Covert sensitization | Form of behavior therapy in which the person is asked to imagine an upsetting scene in order to produce a form of aversion conditioning. |
| Chromosomes | In human cells, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, elongated bodies that carry genetic information. |
| Genes | Units of hereditary information carried in a chromosome by DNA |
| Genotype | Total set of inherited characteristics determined by a person's genetic makeup |
| Phenotypes | Observed characteristics that result from the interaction between genotype and environmental influences |
| Identical or monozygotic(MZ) twins | Twins resulting from the splitting of a single fertilized ovum who have exactly the same genetic makeup. |
| Fraternal or dizygotic (DZ) twins | Twins that result from the simultaneous fertilization of two separate ova-such a pair has the same degree of genetic similarity as any two non-twin siblings born to the same parents |
| Phenylketonuria(PKU) | Rare form of mental retardation caused by error in protein metabolism, recessively inherited |
| Neurons | Individual nerve cells |
| Dendrites | Branching fibers of a neuron that receive input from other neurons |
| Axon | Part of the neuron that carries neural impulses to other cells |
| Synapse | A tiny gap separating neurons, across which chemical communication between cells can occur |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical substances released into the synapse that enable transmission of impulses from one neuron to another |
| Electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT | Therapeutic induction of convulsive seizures by applying electrical current to the head; found to have some effectiveness with severe depressions |
| Psychosurgery | Procedures that attempt to treat abnormal behavior by surgical intervention on the brain. |
| Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia | Proposed that the disorder was caused by excessive dopamine activity in the brain (Hence, DA-blocking drugs like Thorazine were useful.) |
| Catecholamine hypothesis of depression | Proposed that the mood disorder resulted from a relative depletion of NE in the brain(Hence-MAO-I drugs were useful because they enhanced NE activity.) |
| Tardive dyskinesia | Occasional long term side effect of phenothiazine treatment of schizophrenia that involves rhythmical, stereotyped movements and lip smacking |
| Humanistic Approach | Emphasis on viewing people as whole human beings rather than analyzing them in an impersonal fashion |
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