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Dev Psych GRE
Developmental Psychology Review for GRE Subject Psych Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who initiated the study of genetics? | Gregor Mendel |
| What did Mendel hypothesize the existence of? | The gene |
| What is a gene? | The basic unit of heredity |
| What are alternative forms of genes called? | Alleles |
| How many alleles does each gene have? | Two |
| What are these two alleles called? | dominant or recessive |
| What is the total genetic makeup or an individual? | genotype |
| What is the total collection of expressed traits or observable characteristics? | phenotype |
| Where are genes located? | Chromosomes |
| How many pairs of chromosomes are there? | 23 |
| How many chromosomes in all in the nucleus or a human cell? | 46 |
| Who studied the inheritance of maze-running ability in lab rats? | R. C. Tryon |
| What were the two main categories Tryon placed the rats into? | Maze-bright and maze-dull |
| What type of study uses compared rates of similarity in a given characteristic among family members? | Family Studies |
| How are family studies limited? | families share genetics and environment and therefore cannot distinguish between environment and genetic factors |
| Twin Studies compare what? | Monozygotic and dizygotic twins |
| How are twin studies better than family studies? | they distinguish the relative effects of shared environment and genetics. |
| What is a better way to measure effects relative to environmental factors? | Adoption studies |
| Who was the first to focus on "gifted" children in research? | Lewis Terman |
| What is the genetic anomaly where the individual has an extra 21st chromosome? | Down's Syndrome |
| What is the genetic disorder that is a degenerative disease of the nervous system? | Phenylketonuria |
| What is the abbreviation for Phenylketonuria? | PKU |
| What is the genetic abnormality where males have two X chromosomes? | Klinefelter's syndrome |
| What is the genetic abnormality where females have only one X chromosome? | Turner's Syndrome |
| What takes place in the fallopian tubes when the ovum or egg cell is fertilized by the make sperm cell? | Conception |
| What are the two types of human sex cells called? | Gametes |
| What is a fertilized egg called? | Zygote |
| What is the period where the fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tube and is implanted into the uterine wall | Germinal period |
| What is the period of eight weeks following the germinal period where the embryo increases in size by 2 million percent? | Embryonic period |
| What is the period that begins in the third month with measurable electrical activity in the fetus' brain? | Fetal period |
| What is the drug that caused babies to have missing and malformed limbs and defects of the heart, eyes, digestive tract, ears and kidneys | Thalidomide - a tranquilizer |
| The reflex where infants automatically turn their heads in the direction of stimuli applied to the cheek is called? | Rooting |
| What is the reflex where infants react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out their arms, extending their fingers, bringing their arms back to their body and then hugging themselves? | Moro |
| When does the Moro reflex usually disappear? | 4 months |
| What does the presence of the Moro reflex at one year suggest? | developmental difficulties |
| What is the reflex where infants' toes automatically spread apart when the soles of their feet are stimulated? | Babinski reflex |
| What is the reflex where infants automatically close their fingers around objects placed in their hands? | Grasping reflex |
| Who insisted there are qualitative differences between adult and childhood thought? | Jean Piaget |
| What is the term Piaget uses to refer to organized patterns of behavior and/or thought? | Schema |
| What kind of schema do infants develop? | Behavioral schemata |
| What kind of schema do older children develop? | Operational schemata |
| What is an important principle in Piaget's theory? | Adaptation |
| Adaptation takes place through which two complementary processes? | Assimilation and accommodation |
| What is the process of interpreting new information in terms of existing schemata? | Assimilation |
| What is the process of modifying existing schemata to adapt to new information? | Accommodation |
| Piaget's first stage lasting from birth to 2 years? | Sensorimotor |
| Piaget's second stage lasting from 2 to 7 years? | Preoperational |
| Piaget's third stage lasting from 7 to 11 years? | Concrete operational |
| Piaget's fourth stage approaching adolescence? | Formal operational |
| The sensorimotor stage includes which three important concepts? | Primary and secondary circular reactions and object permanence |
| When infants begin to coordinate separate aspects of movements that are goal-oriented and concerned with the body? | Primary circular reactions |
| What are reactions directed toward manipulation of objects int he environment? | Secondary circular reactions |
| When a child realizes that objects continue to exist even though the child cannot perceive their existence marking the beginning of representational thought? | Object permanence |
| Preoperational Stage is characterized by what? | The beginning of representational thought |
| The tendency to be able to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon in the preoperational stage is know as what? | Centration |
| When children cannot take the perspective of other people and cannot understand that relationships are reciprocal this is called? | Egocentrism |
| In preoperational stage, children are unable to understand the notion that physical properties of matter do not change simply because the appearance of the matter changes. What is this notion called? | Conservation |
| What stage is represented by conservation and taking the perspective of others into account? | Concrete Operational |
| How are children limited in the concrete operational stage? | They can only work with concrete objects or information directly available. |
| What stage is marked by the phrase "think like a scientist"? | Formal Operational |
| What is distinct about the formal operational stage? | Children can think logically about abstract ideas |
| Whose work centered around the idea that the engine driving cognitive development is the child's internalization of various aspects of the culture? | Lev Vygotsky |
| What drives cognitive development in children according to Vygotsky? | internalization of various interpersonal and cultural roles and processes |
| What concept is Vygotsky known for? | Zone of proximal development |
| What is the zone of proximal development? | Refers to the skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development |
| What component of language refers to the actual sound stem of language? | phonology |
| The ability to distinguish between differences in sound that do or do not denote differences in meaning is called what? | Categorical Perception |
| How many phonemes are or speech sounds are in English? | 40 |
| What involves the learning of word meaning? | Semantics |
| What refers to how words are put together to form sentences? | Syntax |
| What refers to the actual efficient use of language? | pragmatics |
| What is an important precursor to language seen in both hearing children and deaf children? | Babbling |
| An important babbling study was conducted by who? | Leneberg, Rebelsky and Nichols |
| What happens when children begin to master complex general rules? | Errors of growth or overregulation |
| These errors suggest what about language acquisition? | It is the active application of a dynamic internalized set of linguistic rules. |
| Who is the most closely associated with the idea that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition? | Noam Chomsky |
| What is Chomsky know for? | Transformational grammar |
| What is the innate capacity for language acquisition called? | Language Acquisition Device(LAD) |
| Who is the victim of severe child abuse that led to the understanding of a sensitive period instead of a critical period in language development? | Genie |
| Who was the pioneer in charting personality and emotional growth? | Sigmund Freud |
| For Freud, what two aspects are inextricably linked? | human psychology and human sexuality |
| What did Freud believe is present at birth? | Libido |
| Freud's first stage of Psychosexual development is know as? | Oral stage |
| Freud's second stage of psychosexual development? | Anal Stage |
| Freud's third stage of psychosexual development? | Phallic stage |
| Freud's fourth stage of psychosexual development? | Latency Stage |
| Freud's fifth stage of psychosexual development? | Genital Stage |
| What happens during the Oral stage? | Gratification is obtained primarily through putting objects into the mouth by biting and sucking |
| What happens during the Anal Stage? | Gratification is gained through the elimination and retention of waste materials |
| What is another name for the Phallic Stage? | Oedipal Stage |
| What is the conflict a male child experiences with his father? | Oedipal Conflict |
| What is the conflict a female child experiences with the mother? | Electra Conflict |
| Male children experience what in the Oedipal conflict? | Castration fear |
| Female children experience what in the Electra Conflict? | Penis Envy |
| What is the latency stage? | When the libido is sublimated |
| What happens in the genital stage? | Beginning in puberty, the person enters into healthy heterosexual relationships if prior development has proceeded correctly. |
| What happens if sexual traumas of childhood have not been resolved? | Fetishism behaviors may develop |
| Who is responsible for Psychosocial Theory? | Erik Erickson |
| What theory holds that development is a sequence of central life crises? | Psychosocial Theory |
| What is the first conflict in Erikson's Psychosocial theory? | Trust vs. Mistrust |
| What is the conflict that takes place from 1 to 3 years of age in Psychosocial Theory? | Autonomy vs. shame and doubt |
| What is the conflict that occurs between 3-6 years of age in Psychosocial theory? | Initiative vs. guilt |
| What is the conflict that occurs between 6-12 years of age in Psychosocial theory? | industry vs. inferiority |
| What is the adolescent conflict in Psychosocial Theory? | identity vs. role confusion |
| What is the main conflict of young adulthood in Psychosocial theory? | intimacy vs. isolation |
| What is the middle age conflict in Psychosocial theory? | generativity vs. stagnation |
| What is the old age conflict in Psychosocial theory? | integrity vs. despair |
| What is the outcome if trust wins out in the trust vs. mistrust confict? | The child will come to trust her environment and herself |
| What is the outcome if mistrust wins out in the trust vs. mistrust conflict? | the child will often be suspicious of the world |
| What is the favorable outcome for the second stage of Psychosocial theory - autonomy vs. shame and doubt? | the child will have a feeling of will and ability to exercise choice as well as self-restraint, having a sense of competence and autonomy |
| What is the unfavorable outcome in the autonomy vs. shame and doubt conflict? | the child will have a sense of doubt and lack of control, feeling that external influences are responsible for what happens to a person |
| What is the favorable outcome of the initiative vs. guilt conflict? | purpose, ability to initiate activities and the ability to enjoy accomplishment |
| What happens if guilt wins out in the initiative vs. guilt conflict? | the child will be so overcome by fear of punishment that the child may restrict himself or overcompensate by showing off |
| What is the favorable outcome for the industry vs. inferiority conflict? | the child will feel competent, will be able to exercise her abilities and intelligence in the world and to affect the world int he way the child desires |
| What is the unfavorable outcome for the industry vs. inferiority conflict? | Results in a sense of inadequacy, a sense of inability to act in a competent manner and low self-esteem |
| what does the identity vs. role confusion stage encompass? | Physiological revolution |
| What is the favorable outcome of the identity vs. role confusion stage? | fidelity, the ability to see oneself as a unique and integrated person w/ sustained loyalties |
| What is the unfavorable outcome of the identity vs. role confusion stage? | confusion of one's identity and a kind of amorphous personality that shifts from day to day |
| What refers to individual differences and an individual's pattern of responding to the environment that is somewhat heritable, emerges early in life and is stable over time. | Temperament |
| Who performed a longitudinal study examining temperament that proposed threee categories of infant emotional and behavioral style? | Alexander Thoman and Stella Chess |
| What 3 styles did Thomas and Chess propose? | Easy, slow to warm up and difficult |
| What are the three ways temperament is measured? | parental reports of child's behavior, observations in naturalistic settings (home), observations in laboratory settings |
| What did Wolff study in newborn infants? | Crying |
| What 3 cries did Wolff identify? | The basic cry, angry cry and pain cry |
| What is one of the earliest social and communicative signals to appear in infants? | Smiling |
| At what age to infants begin to differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar faces when smiling? | 5 months |
| What response is initially evoked through any sudden change in level of stimulation? | Fear response |
| Who studied Rhesus monkeys separated from their mothers? | Harry Harlow |
| What did Harlow conclude was more essential in bond formation than providing for basic needs? | contact comfort |
| What is the phenomenon called of monkeys taking on the task of bringing dysfunctional monkeys back into society? | therapist monkeys |
| Could monkeys isolated for a year or more be successfully brought back into "society"? | NO |
| Who studied children in foster homes and orphanages? | John Bowlby |
| What is the first stage Bowlby identified? | Pre-attachment |
| What happens in Bowlby's Pre-attachment phase? | This last several weeks where the infant reacts identically to every adult and smiling face |
| What happens in Bowlby's second phase of attachment and at what age? | By 3 months the infant can discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar faces |
| What happens at 6 months in Bowlby's phases of attachment? | the infant seeks out and responds specifically to the mother |
| What happens from 9-12 months in Bowlby's phases of attachment? | Bonding intensifies and the child begins expressing stranger anxiety |
| What happens in the 2nd year in Bowlby's phases of attachment? | the child reacts with strong protest to the mother's absence called separation anxiety |
| What happens in the 3rd year in Bowlby's phases of attachment? | the child is able to separate from the mother without prolonged distress |
| Who studied the universality of Bowlby's sequence? | Mary Ainsworth |
| What was Mary Ainsworth's lab experiment called? | Strange situation procedure |
| What does Ainsworth's experiment study? | the quality of the parent (mother)-child attachment |
| What is Type A attachment? | insecure/avoidant attachment |
| What is Type B attachment? | secure attachment |
| What is Type C attachment? | insecure/resistant attachment |
| What is insecure/avoidant attachment? | the child is not distressed when left alone with the stranger and avoid contact with the mother upon her return |
| What is secure attachment? | The child is mildly distressed during separations from mother but greet her positively when she returns |
| What is insecure/resistant attachment? | the child is distressed during separation and are inclined to resist physical contact when the mother returns |
| Which ethologist is known for studying imprinting? | Konrad Lorenz |
| Who believed in 3 phases of moral thought? | Lawrence Kohlberg |
| What is the first of Kohlberg's stages? | Preconventional morality |
| What happens in the preconventional morality phase? | right and wrong are defined by the hedonistic consequences of a given action |
| What is the orientation during the first of Kohlberg's stages? | punishment and obedience |
| What is stage two called in Kohlberg's stages? | Instrumental relativist stage |
| What orientation is there in the instrumental relativist stage? | Orientation toward reciprocity |
| What is the second phase of Kohlberg's phases of morality? | Conventional phase of morality |
| What is the emphasis in third stage of Kohlberg's phases? | good girl, nice boy orientation - looking for approval from others |
| What defined the fourth stage of Kohlberg's phases? | "law and order" orientation defined by rules of authority |
| What is the third phase of Kohlberg's phases? | Post conventional morality |
| What is Kohlberg's stage Five? | Social contract orientation |
| What is Kohlberg's stage six? | universal ethical principles |
| What is the name of Kohlberg's test to determine the moral level of an individual that consist of a series of hypothetical moral dilemmas? | Heinz Dilemma |
| Who criticized Kohlberg's theory on terms of gender differences? | Carol Gilligan |
| What does Gilligan's theory center on? | The idea that women adopt an interpersonal orientation that is neither more or less mature than the rule-bound thinking of men |
| What theoretical perspective believes that gender role differences should be understood according to an evolutionary perspective? | Sociobiologists |
| What theoretical perspective points to the social environment and emphasize that children model their behavior after adults and other children? | Social Learning theorists |
| What theoretical perspective stresses the importance of cognitions about gender? | Cognitive developmental theorists |
| Who came up with a three-stage theory of self-socialization? | Kohlberg |
| What is Kohlberg's first gender stage? | Gender Labeling (2-3 years of age) |
| What happens in the gender labeling stage? | children achieve gender identity and become able to label others in terms of sex |
| What is Kohlberg's second gender stage? | Gender stability (3-4 years of age) |
| What happens in the gender stability stage? | children can predict that they will still be a boy or girl when they grow up but is dependent on the physical notion of gender |
| What is Kohlberg's third gender stage? | gender consistency (4-7 years of age) |
| What happens in the gender consistency stage? | children understand permanency of gender |
| Who developed the Gender schematic processing theory? | Martin and Halverson |
| What theory holds that as soon as children are able to label themselves they begin concentrating on those behaviors that seem associated with their gender as opposed to the opposite gender? | Gender schematic processing theory |
| Who was a main researcher on parental style and discipline? | Diana Baumrind |
| What are the 3 parenting styles Baumrind proposes? | authoritarian, authoritative and permissive |
| How do authoritarian parents act? | They use punitive control methods and lack emotional warmth |
| How do authoritative parents act? | They have high demands for child compliance but score low on punitive control methods and utilize positive reinforcement scoring high on emotional warmth |
| How do permissive parents act? | They score low on control/demand measures |
| How do children w/ authoritative parents act? | They are characterized as being more socially and academically competent |
| How do children w/ authoritarian and permissive parents act? | They tend to have difficulties in school and in peer relations |
| What is the main difference between fathers and mothers? | Fathers tend to play more vigorously with children and mothers tend to stress verbal over physical interactions |
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