Phys_final Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
Sperm are produced in the _____ in the testes, matured in the _____, and stored in the _____.	seminiferous tubules, epididymis, epididymis and vas deferens
At ejaculation, sperm are forced through the ____, into the abdomen via the ____, and around behind the _____.	vas deferens, inguinal canal, bladder.
There are two vas deferens each joined by a _____, and then meet in the ____, within the _____.	seminal vesicle, urethra, prostate gland
Sperm, plus secretions from the _____ and ____ pass out of the body via the ______	seminal vesicle, prostate, urethra
Sperm are _____ int he testes, ____ in the spididymis, and ____ through the vas deferens and urethra _____ the body.	produced, matured, pass, out
There are ______ seminiferous tubules in each testis, all draining into the ______	several hundred, epididymis
A layer of germ cells, called _______, surrounds the seminiferous tubule.	spermatogonia
Spermatogonia divide by mitosis. Some of the progeny remian germ cells adn some divide further by meiosis. These are ____.	spermatocytes
spermatocytes are enveloped by the _____, pass through the _____ and develop into sperm.	Sertoli Cells, blood-testies barrier
From spermatogonia to sperm takes about ____ and occurs throughout a man's lafe.	10 weeks
Two hormones that stimulate Sertoli Cells.	FSH from the pituitary and testosterone from the adjacent interstitial cells
Sertoli Cells develop tight junctions with neighboring Sertoli Cells forming _____	blood-testis barrier
_____ hold the developing spermatocytes within folds of their surface and translocate them to the lumen	Sertoli Cells
Sertoli cells consume the excess ____ of the spermatocyte.	cytoplasm
The acrosome contains these enzymes	hyaluronidase and proteases
The function of the acrosome	penetrating the cellular and protein barriers around the egg
The tail/flagellum of the sperm provides the motile force allowing it to swim at this speed.	1-4mm/min
An adult male produces _____ sperm per day	100 million
Only after about ______ in the epididymis do sperm become capable of motility, but inhibitory proteins ____ any movement	18-24 hours, prevent
Sperm can remain alive for ______, mostly in storage in the ______.	About a month, vas deferens
Seminal vesicles are paired glandular structures that secrete ____, ____, and ____ in a mucus base	fructose, citric acid, protaglandins
Semen volume at ejaculation contain _____ of total volume from the seminal vesicles	60%
Prostaglandins is thought to have two functions:	1. inhibit the woman's immune response to the sperm 2.possibly cause reverse peristalsis in the uterus and fallopian tubes
Spongy, golf ball-sized gland surrounding the urethra just below the bladder	Prostate Gland
The Prostate gland has an alkaline secretion that contains ____, ____, ____, and high concentrations of _____	bicarbonate, citrate, calcium, zinc
Semen volume at ejaculation contain ____ of total volume from the prostate gland	30%
The prostate glad secretes bicarbonate that helps	protect the sperm from the vaginal acit
The prostate gland secretes zinc which	stabilizes the chromatin in the sperm heads
The physiologic goal of penis erection	is to deposit sperm as close to the cervis as possible
Parasympathetic neurons to the penis release	nitric oxoide (NO)
NO in penis erection causes	vasodilation of the local arteries and relaxation of smooth muscle fiber meshwork of the spongy areas of the penis
Arterial input is increased with ______ and simultaneously venous output is _____.	sexual excitement, restricted
Parasympathetic neurons release NO which increases cGMP, causing vasodialation. cGMP is degraded by phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5). Viagra acts by	blocking PDE5, thus the vasodilation and erection remains longer
Ejaculation of semen is caused by reflex impulses by _______ neurons from _____ respond to sexual excitement	sympathetic, T12-L2
In ejaculation the sympathetic neurons work to	initiate rapid peristaltic contractions of the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate glands and muscles at the base of the penis.
Semen volume is about _____.	2-4 mL
At ejaculation sperm are _____ of fertilization	incapable
The development of sperm function is called	capacitation
Capacitation involves	-dilution by vaginal/uterine fluids of the inhibitory factors that supress sperm activity in the vas deferens -uterine secretions of steroid-binding albumin which removes cholesterol from the surface of the acrosome -influx of Ca++ from uterine fluids
In sperm penetration of the egg, ____ cuts the extracellular matrix	hyaluronidase
The anterior membrane of the sperm binds to receptors on the ______ of the egg surface	zona pellucida
Binding of the sperm to the surface of the egg releases _____ enzymes, which cut into the egg	acrosomal
The breaking in the egg surface initiates the opening of _____	Ca++ channels
The opening of Ca++ channels spreads rapidly causing a microskeletal retraction that	prevents further sperm entry into the egg.
____ sperm in an ejaculate are generally required for successful fertilization	50-100 million
Sperm on the outside are killed by _____, their bodies help	vaginal acid, neutralize the acid
Sperm are non-self molecules for a woman, therefore	her immune system cells attach and kill them
Previous intercourse will have initiated anitbody formation against	his sperm
Many follicular cells and a mass of glycoproteins surround the egg, This is because	more enzymatic digestion is required than one acrosome can provide
The head of a sperm is about ____ in length and the tail in another ____. From cervix through uterus to the egg is _____	10um, 60-70um, a long traverse
Testosterone is produced in	Leydig cells (intersitial cells)
Testosterone is carried in the blood tightly bound to	beta-globulin, sex hormone binding globulin, plasma albumin
With hours testosterone is either absorbed by ____ or___	target tissue cells, liver hepatocytes
testosterone is processed in the ___ and excreted in the ___ or ____	hepatocytes, bile, in the urine
During fetal development testosterone has two functions	1) directs development of gender specific organs 2) controls descent of testes into the scrotal sac
During puberty and adulthood testosterone functions to	direct development of male sex organs; directs grown of body hair in male specific pattern; deepens voice; increases muscle mass; thickens bone & directs male specific bone growth; increases basal metabolism; increases RBC concentration
Testosterone patterns in life	peak in 2nd trimester, drop at birth, peak in middle of first year of life, drop until hit puberty plateau in adulthood, taper in old age
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the ______ enters the portal system to the ____	hypothalamus, anterior pituitary
The anterior pituitary releases ___ and ___	LH and FSH
LH stimulates _____ to secrete _____	Leydig Cells (intersitial cells), testosterone
FSH stimulates ______ of the seminiferous tubules to develop ______	Sertoli Cells, Sperm
_____ and _____ provide feedback inhibition of hypothalmis and pituitary release	testosterone, ihibin
Describe Condoms	Physical barrier between sperm and egg, block transfer of sperm, reduce spread of HIV and STDs
Describe a Vasectomy	cut and seal off vas deferens, 30 min operation, high success rate, sperm produced and stored and die in the epididymis, not change in circulating testosterone, no autoimmune disease
Future Male Contraception injections of _____ derivatives	testosterone
Future Male Contraception Depo-provera injections	block LH-FSH with androgen gel or patch
Future Male Contraception RISUG	reversible injection of styrene gel into the vas deferens
Future Male Contraception GnRH agonists	bind toand inactivate receptors (down regulation)
Future Male Contraception Adjudin	blocks cell adhesion between Sertoli Cells and Spermatiocytes (similar to chemotherapy agents, requires high doses, with some liver damage)
Future Male Contraception Various alpha blockers	to inhibit ejaculation (ex phenoxybenzamine)
Future Male Contraception Calcium channel blockers	to block sperm movement
Future Male Contraception Gossypol	blocks enzyme in spermatogenesis, not always reversible, induces hyperkalemia, ocassionally fatal
Exogenous Anabolic Steroids	Testosterone or a dirivative, eother injected or with added side-chain
Possible advantage to Exogenous Anabolic Steroids	increase muscle mass
Possible side effects to exogenous anabolic steroids	lowered sperm count, testicular atrophy, increase aggressive behavior, heart damage, liver damage, suppressed immune system, migraines, severe acne, anaphylactic shock
Effects if women take exogenous anabolic steroids	all effects as is men, PLUS male pattern body hair, deeper voice, blocked ovulation, miscarriage and fetal damage.

Created by: tackron