APES Unit 5 Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
Local extinction	species is no longer found in an area it once inhabited but is still found in other places
ecological extinction	there are so few members of a species left that it can no longer play its ecological role in the biological community where it is found
Biological extinction	species is no longer found anywhere in the world
Endangered species	has so few individual survivors that the species could soon be extinct over all (California condor, giant panda)
Threatened species	still abundant in its natural range but declining in numbers and likely to become endangered in the near future (grizzly bear, American alligator)
Precautionary strategy	scientific uncertainty about potentially seriously harmful chemicals or technology. the strategy is to prevent it from harming humans or the environment
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)	Lists more than 800 species that cannot be commercially traded as live specimens or wildlife products
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)	Legally binds signing nations to reverse the global decline in biodiversity US has not ratified
Lacey Act	prohibits transport of live or dead wild animals across state lines without federal permit
Endangered Species Act	makes it illegal for Americans to import or trade any product made from an endangered species
Wildlife Management approach	Manipulating wildlife populations and their habitats for their welfare & for human benefit Uses laws to regulate hunting & fishing Establishes harvest quotas Plants vegetation that are preferred food for wild species
National Forest System	155 forests & 20 grasslands 192 million acres
bureau of land management	an agency which administers americas public lands, totaling approximately 253 million acres
National Wildlife Refuges	Managed by US Fish & Wildlife Service Protect habitats and breeding areas for waterfowl & big game to provide a harvestable supply for hunters
National Park System	55 National Parks & 324 National monuments, recreational areas, battlefields, parkways, seashores, etc.
National Wilderness Preservation System	Includes 630 roadless areas within another protected area
Old-growth forests	uncut forests or regenerated forests that have not been seriously disturbed by human activities or natural disasters for at least several hundred years
Second-growth forests	stands of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession after the trees in an area have been removed (naturally or cut)
Tree farms	managed tracts with uniformly aged trees of one species that are harvested by clear-cutting when commercially valuable
Selective cutting	Mature trees in an uneven-aged forest are cut singly or in small groups
Shelterwood Cutting	Gradually remove trees in 3 cuts over 10 years Seedlings are protected under “shelter” of older
Clear-cutting	Removal of all trees form in area in a single cutting Maxiumm economic return in shortest period of time
Strip-cutting	Strip of trees is clear-cut with the corridor narrow enough to allow natural regeneration within a few years After regeneration (30-40 years), another strip is cut
wilderness	area where the earth and its community of life have not been seriously disturbed by humans and where humans are only temporary visitors.
describe ways in which human activities have reduced biodiversity	takin over, degraded 40-50% of the earths land service, humans destroy about 1. 27% of the earths total potential not primary productivity 2. 40 % of the not primary productivity of the plants terrestrial ecosystems, lost 1/2 of the earths wetlands
what are some strategies in preventing the premature extinction of a species?	strategies: identify endangered species, protect there critical habitat tactics: legally protect endangered species, , manage habitat, reintroduce species into suitable habitat
what characteristics make a species vulnerable to biological extinction	1. low reproductive rates 2. specialized niche 3. narrow distribution 4. feed at hhigh trophic levels
what are four underlying causes of population reduction and extinction of wild species?	habitat loss, fragmentation, degradation, and introduction of a non native species
describe the benefits and limitations of protecting species using CITES and ESA in the united states.	it does good to list 800 species that cant be hurt, but there are many more then 800 endangered species
describe the pros and cons of reintroducing the gray wolf in the yellow stone ecosystem	Pros: culled herds of bison, elk, caribou, and mule deer, kept coyote down, provided uneaten meat for scavengers Cons: can eat alot of the game that is used for sport
describe the five major types of public lands in the united states and the major uses allowed on each type	Multi-used land: used for logging, mining, livestock grazing, farming, etc Moderately restricted-use land: less can be done in these areas, more wildlife, need permit for any activities Restricted-use lands: nothing that could be degrading
what are are the benefits of fire for some plant and animal species?	it maintains the vegetation of many ecosystems at a certain stage of ecological succession
how can we reduce the chances of crown fires on public lands?	you can prevent crown fires by having surface fires some what often to clean up
describe the underlying and direct causes of tropical deforestation and degradation	the cutting down of the forests in wasteful amounts
describe ways to prevent and restore forests from deforestation and degradation	be more efficient with the amount of wood really needed, also be more efficient with recycling programs
what are the major threats to national parks in the united states and other countries	parks normaly have 1% protection in other countries, the other 99% is used and degraded. also parks are normally to small to sustain many large animal species

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