respiratory system Word Scramble

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question	answer
anatomically the respiratory system consists of?	upper resp tract and lower resp tract
functionally the respiratory syst can be dividedinto?	conducting portion, respiratory portion
conducting portion	transports air
respiratory portion of repiratory system	is where gas exchange with blood takes place
conducting portion includes	nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, progressively smaller airways (rom primary bronchi to terminal bronchioles
respiratory portion is composed of	small airways called respirat bronchioles and alveolar ducts as well as air sacs called alveoli
the primary ffunction of resp system is	breathing also called pulmonary bentilation
two cyclic phases of breathing	inhalation/inspiration (draw gas into lungs) and exhalation/expiration (exhalation forces gases out of the lungs
respiration cycle	o2 drawn in (inhalation), o2 transported to body cells form lungs, cells use o2 and generate CO2, blood transports CO2 from cells to lungs, CO2 is added to atmosphere during exhalation
functions of resp system?	gas exchange, condition gases, produce sound (speech), sense of smell, protects body against airborne infection
inhale by __ pressure	negative
exhale by ___ pressure	positive
inspiration	inhalation
expiration	exhalation
the inhaled air is conditioned meaning?	prior to reaching tiny air sacs of lungs, the gases are warmed, humidified and cleansed of particulate matter through contact with the resp epithelium
when air is forced out of resp tract we produce ___	sound
what cont to sound production	nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, teeth lips tongue
crqanial nerve 1 (_____) relies upon _____ in upper nasal mucous membranes	olfactory nerve, chemoreceptors
ridges in nose	nasal conchae, nasal turbinates, ethmoidal projections, projections of facial bones
the structure of the resp system protects the body by?	trapping foreign debris in mucus and destroying microbes with lysozyme
lysozyme	enzyme that destroys microbial cell walls
cystic fibrosis	most common genetically inherited fatal disease, because of one defect in a transport protein on mucus membrane
the conditioning of air when inhaled is facilitated by	twisted pathways through teh nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, cause inhaled air to becom very turbulent during inhalation
chemoreceptors detect	inhaled molecules that dissolvein the mucus overlying othe olfactory epithelium
describe the structure of the respiratory system that help protect body against airborns infection?	entrance to nose is lined with coarse hairs, twisted passageways trap insects and microbes, numerous mucus-produceing cells found in the epith that produce mucus and lysozyme
mucus traps	inhaled dust, microbes, insects and pollen
defensive mucus production can increase when?	large quantities of irritating materials enter
upper resp tract is composed of?	nose and nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, pharynx (throat)
the _____ is the main conducting airway for inhaled air.	nose
nose is supported superiorly by?	nasal bones that form bridge of the nose
anterioinferiorly fromthe bridge of nose is?	cartilaginous portion of the nose
____ open on the inferior surface of the nose?	paired nostrils (external nares)
internal surface of the nose leads to the ____	nasal cavity
the nasal cavity is continuous posteriorly with teh	nasopharynx via paired openings called internal nares
roof of nasal cavity is formed by	frontal bone, nasal bones, cribriform plate, spphenoid bone
floor of the nasal cavity is formed by?	horizontal plate of maxillae, horizontal portions of palatine bones
anterior region of nasal cavity ic called	vestibule
near the vestibule are coarse hairs, called?	vibrissae, help trap large particles
nasal cavity is lined with?	ciliated epithelium and covered with mkucus taht moves dust and debris post towards the nasopharynx
most superior portion of nasal cavity cont?	olfactory epithelium (numerous chemorecep)
nasal septum	divides nasal cavity into l and r portions, formed anterioly by septal cartilage, perpendicular plate (superior portion), vomer bone (post portion)
lateral walls of nasal cavity are formed primarily by	conchae (turbinates - b/c create turbulence in inhaled air)
turbulence ensures?	that air remains in the nasal cavity for a longer time, so that the air becomes warmed and humidified
nasolacrimal ducts empty	just inferior to the inferior nasal conchae
nasl cavity functions?	filtration, conditioning, olfaction, RESONATING CHAMBER contributes to sound production
paranasal sinuses decrease	skull bone weight
all sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts and are lined by?	ciliated epithelium with overlying mucus
paranasal sinuses	frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary
pharynx	throat, common space used by both resp and digest systems
shape of pharynx	funnel-shaped, slightly wider superiorly and narrower inferiorly
pharynx originates________ and extends inferiorly ______	posterior to the nasal and oral cavities, to teh level of teh vifuracation of the larynx and esophagus
cockroach walks into the nose of a person what is he going to see on the ceiling of the nasal cavity?	roof of nose bones
for most of its length the pharynx is a?	common pathway for both inhaled and exhaled air adn for ingested food
pharynx is lined by?	mucosa and contain skeletal muscles taht are primarily used for swallosing
three regions of pharynx	nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
what facial bone contributes to nasal septum	vomer (ethmoid is a cranial bone)
nasopharynx separates the nasal cavity fromt eh	posterior part of the oral cavity
normall only ____ passes through the nasopharynx	air
food and drink are blocked from entering the nasopharynx by elevation of?	soft palate and uvula
what connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear so air pressure can be equalized behind the ear drum?	in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx, paired auditory (eustachian) tubes connect the nasopharynx
the posterior nasopharynx wall houses a singel?	pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
adenoids	pharyngeal tonsil
middle pharyngeal region	oropharynx (poster to the oral cavity)
oropharynx is bounded superiorly by ______ and inferiorly by ______	soft palate, hyoid bone
what cranial bone cont to sup and middle nasal ?	sup and nasal conchae of ethmoid
what is the function of oropharynx	common resp and digest pathway throguh widh both air and swallowed food and drink pass
the epithelium of oropharynx contains?	no CILIA, strong to withstand the abrasion of swallowed food
what is the name of the pair of paranasal sinuses that are not in a cranial bone?	maxillary sinuses
each sinus drains into?	paranasal cavity
which sinus is the wost drainage?	maxillary sinus, high and medial drainage
lymphatic organs in the oropharynx function?	provid first line of defense against ingetsted or inhaled foreign material
name the lymphatic organsin the oropharynx	palatine tonsisl (lateral wall), lingual tonsils (base of tongue)
inferior narrowed region of pharynx	in the laryngopharynx (this is where large food gets stuck)
where does the laryngopharynx terminate	at the superior border of the esophagus
laryngopharynx is lined with?	strong epith with NO CILIA since in PERMITS PASSAGE OF BOTH FOOD AND AIR
most common way infection get into middle ear?	travel up eustacian tube from nasopharynx
_____ rises upward with teh _____ during swallowing	uvual (post portion of soft palate, soft palate, (block food or liquids from entering nasopharynx
the ___ are tne massees of lymphatic tissue you see at the back of the oropharynx while the _____ are not apparent and are located int he nasopharynx	palatine tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils
lower resp tract is made up of	conduction airways as well as the srepiratiory portion of resp system
larynx	voice box
name all the structures the snake in contact	ant nares, septal cartilate, flood of nasal cavity, vest, inf nasal conchae, pose nares, uvula soft palate, tongue, teeth, come out past mobile labia out buccal cavity
describe the larynx	short, cylindrical airway
larynx is bound superiorly by the ____ and posterioly by the ____ nad inferiorly by the _____.	laryngopharyns, esophagus, trachea
superior aspect of larynx is lined with?	strat squanmous epith
inferior to the vocal cords,the larynx lining becomes a ?	ciliated epithelium
functions of laryns	prevents swallows materials formentering lower resp tract, conduc air into the lower resp tract, produces sounds
larynx is supported by	framework of nine piece sof cartilage that are held in place by liganaments and muscles
the voice box is shapedmore like a ?	shield,
prominence of thyroid cartilage	adams apple (secondary sexually characteristic of males)
bellow thyroid cartilage	cricoid cartilag
describe cricoid cartilage	is a complete ring (unusual)
what is located behind the larynx	the esophagus
largest cartilage of larynx is the	thyroid cartilage
thyroid cartilage forms the _____ walls of hte larynx	only the anterior and lateral
the thyroid cartilage has no?	posterior component and if formed from hylanine cartilage
laryngeal prominence	adam's apple (v-shaped anterior projection of the thyroid
overall growth of the thyroid cartilage is stimulated by the ?	testosterone; htus, adam's apple is usually prominent and larger in males (longer vocal cords also, hence deeper voice of males)
cricoid cartilage forms the	inferior base of the larynx and connects to the trachea inferiorly
cricoid cartilage is composed of?	hylaine cartilage
cricothyroid ligament	attaches the cricoid cart to the inderior edge of the thyroid cartilage
where is the cricothyroid ligament?	4 fingers width above the sternal notch
cricothyrotomy	emergency airway, sometimes opened in the larynx by making an incision throug hte cricothyroid ligament
incisions of cricothyrotomy	vertical incision made just through the skin followed by a horizontal incision made through the cricothyroid lig to allow air to enter the lower resp tract
epiglottis is formed primarily of?	elastic cartilage
what is cut in a cricothyrotomy (or cric)	cricothyroid ligament
the epig projects sukperiorly into the?	pharynx from its attch to the thyroid cartilage
when a person swallows, the epiglottis closes ove rht eh?	laryngeal opening, preventing materials from entering the larynx
during swallowint he the larynx ____ and moves forward while the epiglottis is bent _____ to cover the underlying glottis	elevates, backwards
after swallowing, the larynx moves ____ and the ep[iglottis returns to its orig superior position	inferiorly
cartilaginous sponn shaped strux?	epiglottis
laryngoscope	L-shaped endoscope used for visualizing the larynx
two pairs of strong connective tissue bands stretched across the upper opening of hte larynx?	vestibular ligaments, vocal ligaments
vestibular ligaments	superior ligaments of the larynx
vocal ligamnets	inferior ligaments of larynx
vestibular folds	"false vocal cords", vestibular ligaments along with teh mucous membrane - no function in soound production
vocal folds	"true vocal cords", vocal ligaments along witht eh mucous membrane covering them - THEY PRODUCE SOUND WHEN AIR PASSEES BETWEEN THEN
the tip of the laryngoscope either pivots the ____ anteriorly at its baseo r actually touches the epiglottis to pull it _______. In bothe instances the epiglottis moves away from teh ____ and makes it easier to look down into the _____.	epiglottis, anteriorly, spine, larynx
false vocal cords	vestibular folds, support the true vocal cords below
inferior ligaments	vocal ligaments
vegus nerve (cranial nerve) is injured you'll have trouble with	vocal cords
true vocal cords vibrate when air is passed over them and produce _____.	sound,
vocal cords of males are longer, vibrate more slowly than those of _____ and produce lower _____.	females, pitches
rima glottidis	opening between the vocal folds
the rima glottidis widens if the vocal folds are _____ and becomes ___ if the vocal folds are ______.	abducted, narrower, adducted
if you're trying to intubate a baby	even if you do everything right really bad things can happen
glottis refers to the	rima glottidis plus the vocal folds.
when air is forced through the rima glottidis the vocal folds ____, and this bibration produces _____	vibrate, sound
what determines the quality of the sound?	length, tension, and position of the vocal folds
the range of voices (soprano or bass) is determmined by the _______?	length of the vocal folds
___ is determined by the tightness or tautness of the vocal folds	pitch
loudness is depends on the?	force of air passing the vocal folds
as we grow our vocal folds increase in _____, resulting in?	length, voices deepen
under the influence of testosterone?	the vocal folds of males are longer and thicker than those of females, (deeper voice)
pitch refers to the rgrequncey of sound wavews and is determined by the amount of tension or tautness on the vocal folds by the _+_______	intrinsic laryngeal muscles
more taut vocal cords result in? less taut vocal cords results in?	higher sound, lower the pitch of sound
lot of air forced throug ht erima glottidis produces? little air forced throug proudces?	loud sound, soft sound
when you whisper?	only the most posterior portion of the rima glottidis is opena nd the vocal cords do nott vibrate
give an example of when the vocal cords are not vibrating and you're still talking?	whisper
why is it that all whisper sounds are the same pitch?	becaseu the vocal cords are not vibrating
describe a childs vocal cords	shorter, smaller vocal folds, produce higher voices
when a male goes throught puberty what occurs to his voice?	his laryngeal cartilages and voacal folds grow rapidly producing the "cracking" voice that eventually leads to a adeeper voice at maturity
recognizable speech requires the participation of numerous structures	pharynx, nasal and oral cavities, paranasal sinuses, lips, tongue
castroti	male soprano's, cut of testes to keep high voices
why is it that children have high, nasal-like voices?	because their sinuses are not yet well developed, so they lack large chambers where sounds can resonate
trachea	flexible, slightly rigid tubular organ often referred to as the windpipe
trachea extends through the____ and lies immediately anterior to the _______, inferior to the _______, and superior to the primary ____ of the lungs	mediastinum, esophagus, larynx, brochi
windpipe	trachea
the trachea is held open by?	C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings with the open part of the C facing posteriorly to allow the esophagus to bulge anteriorly when food is passing down teh esophagus
open part of C-chaped hyaline cartilage faces what direction?	posteriorly, to allow the esophagus to bulge anteriorly when food is passing down the esophagus
if the C-shaped hyaline cartilages weren't there what would occur to your trachea	it would collapse when inhale
tracheal cartilages	15-20 C-shaped hyaline cart of trachia
the open ends of each C-shaped piece are bound together by the?	trachealis muscle and by an elastic, ligamentous membrane
contrx of the trachealis muscle influences?	airflow by narrowing the diameter of trachea
why would you want to narrow the trachea?	when you're trying to expel a foreign object or mucus (coughing)
_______ are forced expiration and emply the _____ to force the ribs down and in and the _____ to force the abdominal organs in and up against the _____. the _____ narrows teh trachea to make this expulsion more forceful.	coughing and sneezing, internal intercostals, abdominal muscles, diaphragm, trachealis muscle
trachea is lined with	ciliated epithelium and mucus secreting cells (dus and foreign particles are swept up into the pharynx where the mucus is either coughed out or swallowed
mucociliated escalator	ciliated epith and mucus secreting cells sweeping up dust and foreign particles
at the level of the sternal angel the trachea?	bifurcates into r and l primary bronchi
much of what you inhale everyday you ___-	eat
the right primary bronchus is more _______ while the left primary bronchus leeaves at a ______	vertical, more acute angle (because of the heart)
why is is important to know the angles of the primary bronchi?	because objects are more likely to lodge in the right lung as it is more of a straight down route
inhaled objects are morelikely to travel down into the ____ lobes of the lungs than the ___ lobes.	right, left
carina	internal ridge formed by the most inferior tracheal cartilage separates the primary bronchi at their origin
aspirate	when you vomit something up and then breath it into lungs
bronchial tee	highly branched system of air-conducting passages taht orginate from teh l and r primary bronchi and progressively branch into narrower tubes as they diverge
if we're talking about the respiratory tree what is the trunk? two main branches?	trachea, l and r primary bronchi
funct of respiratory tree?	conduct air
what support the walls of the primary bronchi?	incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage, ensure they remain open
primary bronchi enter into the medialsurface of the lungs together with the J_____, ____ and _____	pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessesl, nerves
hilum	medial surface of the lung
primary bronchi branches into?	secondary bronchi
lft lung has ____ secondary braonchi	two, has two lobes
right lung has ___ secondary bronchi.	three, has three lobes
secondary bronchi divide into	tertiary bronchi, turn and divide even smaller
as the bronchi branch the airways (bronchial tree) get smaller and smaller until they reach the tiny bronchioles taht have NO _____	cartilage rings or cilia
all bronchi have ___-	incomplete rings of cartilage (become fewer and fewer)
all bronchi are lined with ____-	ciliated epithelium
a ________ develops between the mucosa of the airways and tthe cartilaginous support in the wall	complete ring of smooth muscle
since bronchioles contain no cartilage rings, what prevents them from collapsing?	their small diameter
what helps bronchioles regulate airway constriction and dilation and the amount of air traveling through the bronchial tree?	thicker layer of smooth muscle than large bronchi
bronchoconstriction	smooth muscle contrx narrows bronchioles
bronchodilation	smooth muscle relaxation dilates bronchioles
terminal bronchioles	final segment of the conducting pathway, conduct air into the resp portion of the resp system
the airways that are easiest to collapse are the?	bronchioles
respiratory portion of respiratory system consists of?	respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and pulmonary alveoli
where is the problem with asthma attacks	bronchioles narrowing
terminal bronchioles	the final portionof the conducting system and conduct air to the respiratory portion of the resp syste
describe the epithelium in the resp portion of resp system?	epithelium is much thinner than in the conducting portion, facilitating gas diffusion btwn pulmonary cap and resp structures
alveoli arise from both?	resp bronchioles and the alveolar ducts
how are the thin walled alveoli specialized?	to promote diff of gases btwn the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the _____ so it can be carried by teh _____ ot the body's metabolically active tissues	pulmonary capillaries, erythrocytes
co2 diffuses out of the ______ in to the _____ so it can be expired	pulmonary capillaries, alveoli
lungs contain ______ alveoli	300-400 million
the spongy nature of the lungs is due to the	packing of millions of alveoli together
alveolar macrophages	migratory cells, cont crawl within the alveoli, engulfing microorg or particulate material that has reached the alveoli
lungs house	bronchial tree and resp portion of the resp system
lungs are separtated by	mediastinum
outer surface of each lung	visceral pleura
internal thoarcic walls, lateral surfaces of mediatinum and sup srf of diaphragms	parietal pleura
final portion of the conducting system?	terminal bronchioles
alveolar ducts terminate in	alveoli
the visceral and parietal pleural layers are continuous where?	hilum of each lung
potential space between serous membrane layers	pleural cavity
dust cells	alveolar macrophages
when the lungs are inflated, teh pleural v cavity is a ___________, why?	pleural cavity, teh visceral and parietal pleurae are almost in contact with eachother
if you have a collapsed lung	visceral pleura is large, distance btwn visceral pleura and parietal pleura is large
there is a ____ in pleural cavity, that keeps the two layers together	partial vaccuum
the parietal and visceral pleura move as a ____unless?	unit, a knife (ex) or outside air is let in
pneumothorax	collapsed lung, get air into pleural cavity wich allows the lung to collapse
right lung is divided into	sup, middle and inf lobes
feft lung is subdivided into the?	sup, inf lobe
lf and right lungs may be partitioned into _____ segments	bronchopulmonary , each with own tertiary bronchus
the deoxygenated blood that enters teh pulmonary capillaries becomes _____ before it returns to the lft atrium through a series of pulm venules and veins	oxygenated
systemic circulation of lungs consists of	tiny bronchial arteries and veins that supply the bronchi and bronchioles of the lung
approx three or four tiny __________ branch from teh anterior wall of the descending thoracic aorta and divide to form capillary beds to supply strux int eh bronchial tree	bronchial arteries
increasingly larger ______ collect venous blood from these same strx and drain into the ________	bronchial veins, azygous syst of veins
lymph nodes and vessels of the lungs are located where?	within the connective tissue of the lungs as well as around the bronchi and pleura
the lymph nodes collect _________ that were not filtered out by the ciliated epithelium of the lung	carbon, dust part and pollutants
lymphatic drainage of right lung drains into the _________, while the lymphatic drainageof hte lefts lung drains into the ______.	right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct
inspiration	ACTIVE process taht occurs when diaphragm contrx downward and teh ext intercost pull the ribs up and out
_____ nerve stim diaphragm	phrenic nerve
during teh inspiration mvmnt of the diaphragme and ribs pull the parietal pleura	out and down and the visceral pleura with the attch lung, follows (air is pulled in by neg pressure)
expiration	PASSIVE PROCESS, caused by teh elastic recoil of teh lung tissues. This causes the ribs to move down and in and the diaph to be pulled up.
in order to passively exhale a person has to?	stop nervous stim of the ext intercost and the diaphragm. the ELASTICITY of the lungs will then pull ribs down and in and the diaph up.
the internal intercostals can be used for ____ exhalation	forceful (exercise, coughing/sneezing). depress the ribs and diminisht eh volume of the thoracic cavity
pulmonary ventilation	breathing
go over pulmonayr ventilation on p. 293 bottom	(blank)
the lungs are innervated by?	autonomic nervous system
the main functionof the sympathetic innervation in the lungs is?	bronchodilation
main funct of the parasympathetic innervation of the lungs is?	bronchoconstriction
teh involuntary, rhythmic activities taht deoliver and remove resp gases are regulated in the	brainstem
regulatory respiratory centers are located in?	medulla oblongata (rate and depth of breathing) and the pons (infl breathing rate)
influence breathing rate	pons
establishes teh rate and depth of breathing	medulla oblongata
smoking and pollution can lead to	emphysema and lung canceer
a decrease in elastic connective tissue, reduces the amoun of	gas that can be exchanted with each breath and results in a decrease int he ventilation rate
if a person smokes regularly the lungs become darker and blacker throughtout bec of deposition of	carbon particles in the cells

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