blood vessels, lymph Word Scramble

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question	answer
the main arterial supply for the lower limb	external iliac artery
femoral artery	external iliac artery travels inferior to the inguinal ligament
femoral triangle	upper medial portion of thigh, where the femoral artery is papated, can be pressed oto control bleeding, obtain blood samples
arterial pressure point	femoral artery (hospital blood gas testing can occur here)
deep femomral artery	emerges from femoral artery to supply hip jnt and thigh muscles
blood gas analysis	in femoral artery, can put permanent catheters here
popliteal region	femoral artery, ....becomes into poplitieal artery, branches into anterior and posterior tibial arteries, for medial and lateral plantar artery
anterior tibial artery forms	dorsal pedal artery, most distal location on body to feel arterial pulse (evaluate effectiveness of a circulatory system)
most distal location to palpate pulse	dorsal pedal artery
longest vein in human body	great saphenous vein
samll saphenous vein drains the ____ of the crural region and empties into the ____ behind the knee	lateral side, popliteal vein
great saphenous vein ascends the ___ sideo fht eleg and eventually drain into the femoral vein	medial
can the great saphenous vein stripped out?	use as vascular graft material fro applications elsewehre in body (
the deep venous drainage of the leg is carried out by veing that are	opposite counterparts for the arteries that have the same name ( example- teh ant and post tibial veins drain into the pop vein behind the knee)
blood low in ___ is puped from the right vent into teh _____ and then into the ______, which deliver the blood to the _____	low in oxygen, pulmonary trund, lf and righ pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries
in the pulmonary capillaries what occurs	carbon diox is removed and exhaled while inhaleed o2 enters intot he pulmonary capillaries, exchange of gases by DIFFUSION
pulmonay cap merge and form the	four pulmonary veins (2 left, and 2 right) deliver the o2 blood to lft atrium
princess diana died as a result of one of her	left pulmonary veins being torn and bleeding over time into her lft pulmonary cavity, she might have lived if rapid surgery could bave been performed
pulmonary circulation	rght hrt, pulmon art and pul veins, LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM
aneurysms	form near wher ethe abdominal aorta branche into the left and right common iliac arteries, more common as person ages
atherosclerosis	fatty plaque build up inside the walls of your arteries (within the tunics of arterial wall, eventually it erodes through the endothelium)
atherosclerosis is believed to be triggered by	an infecting agent, coupled with bad diet (ishcemia and thrombosis can occur)
the fetal circulation is different from an adult because of the blood flow to and from the	placenta
in an adult herat the pressure is highest on teh lft and lower on the ____, the pressure differential is opposite in _____	right, fetal circulation
placenta	rooted in the mother's uterine wall, blood travels betweent eh placenta nad the dev fetus throug the umbilical cord
the blood in the umbilical cord is ____	the baby's blood
the blood in teh mother and baby ____	do not mix, come close
the vessels in the fetal circ are named accordint to their relationship to eh	fetal heart,
the umbilican cord normall has ____ umbilical vein and _____ umbilical arteries.	one, two
the umbilical vessels are surrounded by	a gelatinous substance
there is ___ onthe right side of the fetal heart because of _______ and because of the _______.	greater pressure,, resistance in flow to the lungs (not functional), input from teh umbilical vein via the inferior vena cava
you want to bypass the ___ in the fetus, because	lungs, they are nonfunctional
what color is the umbilical vein?	bright red, because it brings oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus
two resons pressure on right side of hrt is greater?	greater resistance, lots of blood coming in from umbilical vein
oxygenated blood from placenta is carried into the fetuas via the	umbilical vein
umbilical vein branches into	portal sinus (hooks on to hepatic portal vein) and ductus venosus (enters into the inferior vena cava)
there are three vessels in the fetal circulation that are fully oxygenated, what are they	umbilical vein, portal sinu and ductus venosus
ductus venosus	enter into the inferior vena cava (fetal
portal sinus	joins the hepatic portal vein, fetus
when blood arrives at the right atrium in fetus there are two possibilities for blood to bypass the collapsed lungs	can travel through foramen ovale (right to lft) or it can travel into right ben, tehn pulmon trunk, then directly into the aortic arch via the DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
ductus arteriosus	connection between pulmonary trunk and aortic arch (fetal)
what comes off the internal iliac artery in fetus?	umbilical artery, esccape via umbilical cord (poorly oxygenated blood in umb arteries)
when a baby takes its first breath what occurs?	its circulatory system changes in seconds, inflate the lungs (causing resistance in pulmonary system to go away)
baby's first breatht leads to	reduction in pressure in right side of heart
when you cut and clamped the umbilical cord you inflate the lungs there is a ?	precipitous falling of pressure in lungs
two things caus a sudden drop in pressure in righ side of the heart after birth?	decrease blood flow from inf vena caba after umbilical cord is clamped and easier blood flow throug ht eexpanded lungs. A consequence primumseptum slams shut.
patent forame ovale	perforated fossa ovalis
how would the integumentary system look if you had patent foramen ovale	cyanosis "blue baby"
how can you fix patent foramen ovale	send a catheter up a vessel and open an umbrella to seal off
umbilical arteries turn into	median umbilical ligaments
ductus spinosis and portal sinus atrophy away when?	umbilical veins are not functional
ductus arteriosus	gradually, wastes away eventuall and becomes the ligamentum arteriousum
immediate changes of a fetus	clamp and cut umbilical cord, closing of septum primum,umbilical veins and arteries
umbilical vein turns into	round ligament of liver or ligamentum teres
umbilcal arteries turn into	median umbilical ligaments
gradual changes of fetus when born	ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum) six weeks
how many vessels in umbilical stump	twoo smaller arteries, and umbilical vein
umbilical catheterization can be done to	umbilical vein or to the umbilical arteries of ill newborns
what vessel of the threes umbilical vessels would be the best for adding stuff?	umbilical vein, take blood out (umbilical artery)
greatest risk of umbilical catheterization	infection
edema	excess interstitial fluid in the tissues
the lymphatic system is closely interrelated anatomically and physiologically to the _____	circulatory system
lymphatic system is a ____ system	one way
name two componenets of lymphatic system.	(blank)
fluid in lymphatic vessels	lymph
the lymphatic system transports	excess interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream
two ways to drain interstitial fluid?	lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries
interstitial fluid is removed by either the ____ or the _____	blood capillaries or the lymph capillaries
if interstitial fluid is not removed as it should be what would that do?	excess fluid in tissues, edema
lacteals	tiny lyphatic capillaries
where are lacteals found?	intestinal villi that are located along the lenght of the small intestine
fluid in interstitial compartment increases	edema
lacteals absorb ____ along the digestive tract	fat
two functions of lacteals	drain insterstitail fluid and drain fat
a network of ____ reabsorbs this excess fluid and returns it to the venous circulation in oarder to maintain?	lymphatic vessels, blood volume levels and prevent interstitial fluid levels from rising out of control
within the capillary bed, blood presssure forces fluid fromt eh blood into the ______ around the cells	interstitial spaces
____ absorb fat while ____ absorb other nutrients	lacteals, blood capillaries
why does the fat go into the lacteals instead of blood capillaries?	because of difference in electrical chartge
in lyphatic fluid what is located there?	lymphocytes
two types of lymphocytes in blood?	T cells and B cells
t cells	thymus dependent cells
b cells	make antiboties
____ remspond to antigens	T and B cells
if excess interstitial fluid were not remooved what would occur to blood volume levels and body tissues?	blood volume levels drop precipitously and body tissues would swell (edema)
most of the interstitial fluid is reabsorbed at the venous end of the ____, but an excess of about ____ of fluid per day remains in the interstitial spaces	capillaries, 3 liters
lymphatic organs house	lymphocytes
although most nutrients are absorbed directly into the bloodstream, some larger material such as ______ are unable to enter the ____ directly from the ______.	lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins, bloodstream, gastrointestinal tract
where do lacteals drain?	larger lymphatic vessels and eventually into the bloodstream
some lymphocytes circulate in the _____ most are located in the ______.	bloodstream, lymphatic structures and organs
some lymphatic organs assist in _______, while others serve as a site for ______	lymphocyte maturation, lymphocyte replication (mitosis)
____ generates an immune responce and increases the _____ when necessary.	lymphatic system, lymphocyte population
lymphatic structure contain ______	T-lymphocytes and B- lymphocytes and macrophages
function of T and B cells	constantly monitoring the blood and interst fluid for foreign antigens
antigens	any substances perceived as abnormal to the body, bacteria, viruses, and even cancer cells
if foreign antigens are discovered lymphatic cells initial a ____	immune response
immune response	1. B-lymph produce antibodies 2. cytotoxic T-cells attack and destroy the antigen directly. 3. other cells become b-memory and T-memory cells, that will remember past encounters, and initiate a faster more powerful immune response
what is the function of the antibodies produced by the b-cells?	bind to and immobilize the foreign or abnormal agent, thus damaging it or identifying it to other elements fo the immune system
b cells are released directly from the	bone marrow
___ is a result of b cells and t cells	specific (acquired) immunity
where are T cells produced and released from	(blank)
T cells when stimulated	engage in hand to hand combat
when does excess interst fluid or fat from digestive system become lymph?	when it enter into the lymph capillaries
the lymph is transported back into the circulatory system via	lymph vessels, lymph trunks, lymph capillaries and lymph ducts
smallest vessels in the lymphatic system	lymphatic ca;illaries (remove int fluid or remove fat)
lymphatic capillares	closed-ended tube that are found among most blood capillary networks, EXCEPT those in the red bone marrow and cns
how is a lymphatic capillary similar to a blood cappillary?	its wall is an endothelium
what do the overlapping endothelialcells of lymph capllaries act as?	one-way flaps (when int sluid pressure rises, the margins of endothelia cells push into the lymph capillary alumen and allo INT FLUID TO ENTER)
how are lymphatic capi different from blood capil?	larger in diameter, lack a basement membrane and have overlapping endothelia cells (one-way flaps)
when pressure in lymphatic capillaries what occurs?	the cell wal lmargin pushes back into place next to the adjacent enothelial cell
lymphatic capillaries drain into larger	lymphatic vessels with one-way valves
what applies the propulsive force of nearby mvnt of lymph in lymph capi?	skeletal muscles
lymph nodes contain	numerous phagocytic cells that help to filter and purify lymph fluid as it flows past
wher eare lyjph nodes located?	key locations along lymphatic vessels
lymph capillaries merge to form	lymph vessels
what do lymph vessels resemble?	small veins, with three tunics (intima, media externa) both have one-way valves in lumen
what is the function of the lymphatic valves?	b/c lymphtic vessel network is a low-pressure system, valve prevent lymph from pooling in the vessela nd prevent backflow
fcontx of ____ also helps to move lymph throug the vessels	skeletal muscles
lft and right lymphatic trunks are formed from merging ___	lymphatic vessels
lymphatic trunks drain into the largest vessles, called _____	lymphatec ducts
lymphatic ducts empty where?	lymph back into the venous circulation
wher eis the right lymph duct located?	near the right clavicle and returns the lymph int oe h jncture of right subclavian vein and righ internal jugular vein
the right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the lymphatic trunks that drain the?	right sid eof head and neck, right upper limb and right side of thorax.
thoracic duct	largest lymph vessel, 15-18 inches
what is located at the base of the thoracic duct?	(anterior to eh L2 vertebra) cisterna chyli
descirbe cisterna chyli	rounded, saclice structure, receives chyle
how does the cisterna chyli get its name?	fromteh milky lymph, called chyle (receives from small intest.)
the thoracic duct travels	superiorly formt he cisterna chyli and lies directly ant to the vertebral bodies, passes throug the aortic opening of hte diaphragm, ascend to the left of the vertebral body midline
the thoracic duct drain lymph into the?	junction of the lft subclavian vein and lft internal jugular vein
the thoracic cuct receives lymph from?	flt side of head and neck, lft upper limb, lft thorax, and all body regions inferior to diaphragm (inc. lower limb and right side of abdomen
lymphatic nodules are composed of	lymphatic cells and an extracellular connective tissue
lymphatic organs consist of	clusters of lymphatic cells and connective tissue and are COMPLETELY SURROUNDED BY A CONNECTIVE TISSUE MATRIX
lymphatic nodules are not surrounded by ____	connective tissue
function of lymphatic nodules?	filter and attack antigens, individually they are small
if I am a globule of fat and I'm absorbed from small intestine from a lacteal, which major vein will I drain into?	thoracic duct ------ left subclavian vein
cancer cells spreading	metastisis
do you think cancer can metastisize in lymphatic system?	yes
in some areas of the body many lymphatic nodule group togethter to form?	mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) or to form tonsils
where are MALT found?	int eh mucosal ining of hte gastointestinal, respiratory a, genital and urinary tracts
as air, food and urine enter their respective tracts the lymphatic cells in the MALT detect?	antigens and intitiate immune response
where is MALG very prominent	in mucosa of small intest, primariily in ileum
peyer patches	collections of lymphatic nodules, become quite large and bulge into the gut lumen (small intest ilieum ???)
tonsils	large clusters of lymphatic cells and extracellular matrix are not completely surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
describe tonsils	invaginated outer edges that trap material and facilitate its identification by lymphocytes
groups of tonsils found in the pharynx	phryngeal tonsils, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils
phayngeal tonsils	adenoids
adenoids are located where?	posterior wall of nasopharynx
when pharyngeal tonsils enlarge they can do what?	reduce air flow through nasopharynx when sleeping
palatine tonsils are located	posterolateral of the oral cavity
lingual tonsils are located	along the posterior one-third of the tongue
lymphatic organ consists of	lymphatic cells and extracellular matrix and completely surrounded by connective tissue
thymus	bilobed organ, located in the anterior mediastinum behind sternum
thymus is large in _____, then regresses after _____ until in adulthood it becomes almost _____.	infants and young, puberty, nonfunctional
thymus functions as a site for?	t-lymphocyte maturation and differentiation
T-lymphocyte maturation and differentiation process occurs when?	primarily when we are young
once adult hoood how are differentiated t-cells produced?	cell division, not by maturationof new cells in the thymus
lymph nodes	small, round or oval strut
where are lymph nodes found?	along pathways of lymphatic vessels, in clusters that receive lymph from selected body regions
name lymph nodes?	axillary lymph nodes, inguinal, and cervical lymph nodes
axillary lymph nodes are found where?	armpit
axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the	berast, axill and upper limb
inguinal lymph are found where?	in the groin
inguinal lymph nodes receivve lymph from	lower limb and pelvis
cervical lymph nodes are located whree	in the neck
cervical lymph nodes receive lymph from	the head and neck
in addition to clusters of lymph nodes they are also found ____ throughout the body	individually
primary function of lymph node	is to filter antigens formlymph and intitiate an immun response when necessary
when a person is sick and they have strep throat the cervical lymph nodes are?	often swollen and tender to touch
what is swollen lymph nodes a sign of?	lymphocytes are proliferating and attempting to control the spread of infection
cancerous cells can metatstisize through blood and lymph and become entrapped in the ___-	lymph nodes
a lymph node enlarged by cancer tend to be?	firm and nontener, the cancerous cells proliferate (increase in number) and contribute to enlarged lymph nodes
if a person is diagnosed with cancer what is examined to see if the cancer has spread?	the lymph nodes that drain affected organ or baody region are examined (i.e- teh axillary lymph nodes are examined if breast cancer is detected).
cancer can also develop from the ______.	lymphatic structures themselves
largest lymphatic organ in the body?	spleen
wher eis the spleen located?	in the left upper abdominal quadrant, inferior to eh diaphragmand adjacent to ribs 9-11
the spleen (deep red organ) lies lateral to the left _____ and posterolateral to the _____	kidney, stomach
spleen can vary considerably in?	size and weight
diaphragmatic surface	spleen's posterolateral aspect
describe the diaphragmatic surface	convex and rounded
visceral surface of spleen	concave anteromedial border of spleen
the visceral surface of spleen contains teh	hilum, where bv and nerves enter and leave the spleen
splenic artery	arises from celiac trunk, delivers blood to the spleen
splenic vein	removes blood from spleen and drains into the hepatic portal vein
what alway touches the hilum of the spleen	tail of pancreas (soft lobular organ often obscured by intestinal mesentery)
spleen in surrounded by a	dense irregular connective tissue capsule
as blood flows throug the spleen _________ monitor the blood for antigens na dwill elicit an ___ if they are found	T-B-lymphocytes and macrophages, immune response
function of spleen	1. elicit immune response, and 2. serve as a blood reservoir (where formed elements are stored)
in situations where more ___ and ___ are needed such as during exercise, these erythrocytes reenter the blooodstream. (from reservoir of spleen)	erythrocytes and greater oxygen delivery
sever trauma to the spleen results in	massive hermorrhage (b/c contains a large amount of blood)
what is the function of the macrophages of the spleen?	they phagocytize bacteria and foreign debris fromt eh blood, and remove old defective erythrocytes and platelets.
the ____ and ____ ability to provide immunity and fight disease decreases as we get older.	thymus and lymphatic systems (meaning elderly persons are more susceptible to disease and more likely to become sicker tahn younger adults)
what ia one reason why the elderly tend to be more prone to developing cancers?	faltering immune system may also be less able to target and eliminate malilgnant cells

Created by: kimberlywar