Fat soluble vitamins Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
Vitamin E is also called	Tocopherol
form of vitamin E absorbed by the human body	Alpha-tocopherol
Vitamin E deficiency in newborns	hemolytic anemia
In children, vitamin D deficiency can result	rickets
In adults, vitamin D deficiency -->	Osteomalacia
Principle function of vitamin D	maintain levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood to favor bone mineralization
fat soluble vitamins include...	A, D, E, K
fat soluble vitamins require ? to be absorbed	bile & dietary fat
vitamin A plays role in _____	night vision, cell differentiation, growth regulation
Preformed vitamin A compounds=	retinoid
Plants contain precursors to vitamin A =	carotenoid
what has activity of vitamin A?	retinoid: (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid) -Beta carotenoid does NOT have activity (can be converted)
Retinoids and carotenoids are transported from the intestine in	chylomicrons (then delivered to liver)
in liver, some carotenoids converted to	retinol
vitamin A form that circulates in blood	retinol
vitamin A form important for vision	retinal
vitamin A form used for modulating gene expression	retinoic acid
retinoic acid formed from	retinal (but no converting back!)
Carotenoids that are not converted to vitamin A may act as	antioxidants
in eye, retinal combines with _____ to form _____	combines with OPSIN to form RHODOPSIN
rhodopsin function	transform the energy from light into a nerve impulse that is sent to the brain (interprets as vision)
rhodopsin embedded in ____ cells	rod
vitamin A & gene expression	retinoic acid enters nucleus, binds to specific protein receptors -RA receptor binds to regulatory region on DNA --> alters level of mRNA produced
The genes that are regulated by RA involved in....	growth and development, embryogenesis and the IMMUNE system
vitamin A deficiency caused by	insufficient intake of vitamin A, fat, protein or zinc --> major cause of blindness
Foods natural sources of vitamin D	liver, fatty fish, fish oils and egg yolks
Vitamin D is important for.....	bone health, normal functioning of the parathyroid gland and regulation of the immune system.
blood calcium level drop stimulates....	parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) --> kidney to activate enzymes to convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to active form, 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3
actions of vitamin D for bone health	-increase calcium transport proteins in intestines (move Ca from intestine to body) -in bones, stimulate release of Ca by bone breakdown -in kidney, increase amount of Ca retained by kidneys and put back into the blood
types of genes that vitamin D regulates	genes regulating bone health, immune response, reproductive functions, and skin growth.
though rare, individuals at risk for vitamin E deficiency are...	premature infants, individuals with fat malabsorption, protein malnutrition, inherited abnormalities in vitamin E metabolism -newborns w/ low blood tocopherol
Vitamin K was named for....	Koagulation (danish for coagulation)
vitamin K forms	phylloquinone and menaquinones
vitamin K in diet	-phylloquinone in plants (leafy green vegetables) -menaquinones in fish oil, meats and synthesized by bacteria in the human intestine
vitamin K functions in body	-blood clotting -Involved in proteins needed for bone mineralization and demineralization
vitamin K deficiency results in _____ and is common in _________	-results in abnormal blood coagulation -common in newborns (little transfer to fetus by mother, low vitamin K in breast milk) -infants given vitamin K injection right after birth
retinoids & cartenoids transportation	from intestine in chylomicrons --> to body tissues (bone marrow, blood cells, spleen, liver, kidney, muscles)
some cartenoids converted to ______ in ___________	converted to RETINOL in LIVER
move retinol from liver to tissues.....	retinol must bind to RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN
vitamin D from sunlight/ food --> active form	• Enzymes in LIVER add hydroxyl group (-OH) to carbon #25 • Enzymes in KIDNEY add –OH to carbon #1 → active vitamin D: 1,25 dehydroxy Vitamin D
low Vitamin D level -->	increase calcium absorption from INTESTINE
high Vitamin D level -->	stimulate PTH increase bone breakdown; stimulates kidney to activate enzymes convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to ACTIVE form; KIDNEY increase calcium retention
active vitamin D functions	• Active vitamin D binds Vitamin D receptor proteins @ target tissues → affect gene expression o Increase blood calcium levels o Targets= intestinal cells, bone, kidney
vitamin D deficiency	rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults)
where vitamin E works as antioxidant	cell membranes, body proteins, DNA, cholesterol
how vitamin E works as antioxidant	DONATES e- to eliminate free radicals, Vitamin C restores antioxidant functions (gives back e-)
why infants need shot of vitamin K	• Little transfer to fetus, breast milk low in vitamin K, and no bacteria in newborn gut (to synthesize vitamin K)
vitamin K shot prevents....	uncontrolled bleeding

Created by: kpan