AP Psych - Ch 6 Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
Learning	A relatively durable change in behavior or knowlegde that is due to experience
Phobias	Irrational fears of specific objects or situations
Classical conditioning	The most common name of a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
Pavlonian Conditionning	Another name for classical conditioning derived from the name of the person who originally discovered the conditioning phenomenon
Concurent schedules of reinforcement	Two or more reinforcement schedules simultaneously available for two or more different responses
Unconditioned Stimulus UCS	A stimulus that evokes an UCR
Uncoditioned Response UCR	The response to a UCS
Conditoned Stimulus CS	A previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke conditionning
Conditioned Response CR	A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning
Elicit	To draw out or bring forth [classical conditioning]
Trial	Any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli in classical conditioning
Acquisition	The formation of a new response tendency
Matching Law	Under concurrent schedules of reinforcement, rate of responding tends to match the rate of reingorcement available on ach alternative response
Extinction	The gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned response tendency
Spontaneous Recovery	The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditoned stimulus
Stimulus generalization	Occurs when an organism reponds to new stimuli that are similar to the stimulus used in conditioning
Stimulus discrimination	Occurs when an organism learns to not respond to stimuli that are similar to the stimulus used in condtioning
Higher-order conditioning	Occurs when a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
Operant conditoning	This term, introduced by Skinner, refers to learning in which voluntary responses come to be controled by their consequences
Instrumental Learning	Another name for operant conditioning, this term was introduced earlier by THorndike
Law of Effect	Law stating that if a respoonse in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened
Reinforcement	Occurs when an event following a response strengthens the tendency to make that response
Skinner box	Standard operatn chamber in which an animal's respinses are controlled and recorded
Emit	Production of voluntary responses in responding operant conditioning
Reinforcement Contigencies	The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to presentation of reinforcers or the relationship between a reponse and positive consequences
Cumulative recorder	Device that creates a graphic record of operant ressponding as a function of time
Shaping	THe reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of the desired response
Optimal foraging strategy	The food seeking behaviors of many animals maximize nutrition gained in relation to energy expended to locate and eat the foods
Resistance to extinction	Occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated
Discriminative Stimuli	Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences of a response
Primary reinforcers	Stimulus events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
Secondary reinforcers	Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
Schedule of reinforcement	A specific pattern of presentation reinforcers over time
Continuous reinforcement	Occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced
Interminent reinforcement	The name for all schedules of reinforcement in which designated responses is reinforced some of the time
FR Schedule	The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses
VR Schedule	The reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses
FI Schedule	The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval
VI Schedule	the reinforcer is given after the first response that occurs after a variable time interval
Positive reinforcement	occurs when a response is strenghened because it is followed by the arrival of a rewarding stimulus
Negative Reinforcement	occurs when a response is strenghened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus
Escape Learning	occurs when an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end
Avoidance Learning	Occurs when an organims engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occuring
Punishment	Occurs when an event that follows a response weakens the tendency to make that response
Instinctive drigs	Occurs when an animals innate response tendencies interfere with conditoning processes
Observational Learning	Occurs when an organisms responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models
Behavioral modifications	A systematic approach o changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning
Antecedents	Events that typically preced your target bahavior and may play a major role in governing your target response; also another term fro discriminative stimuli
Token economy	A system for distrubuting symbolic reinforcers that are exchanged later for a variety of genuine reinforcers
Behavioral Contract	A written agreement outlining a promise to adher to the contigencies of a behavior modification program
Partial reinforcement	When a designated response is reinforced only some of the time another name for intemittent reinforcemnt
Conditioned reinforcement	Another name for a secondary reinforcer
Preparedness	A species specific predisposition to be conditioned in a certain ways and not in others
Operant chamber	A small enclosure in which an animals reponses are recorded and followed by specific consequences. a skinner box

Created by: msiron2000