COMPREHENSIVE IMAGE Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
One way to alter image contrast and/or density digitally is through	windowing
The term windowing refers to	some change made to window width and/or window level
Change in window width affects change in	the number of gray shades, that is, image contrast
Change in window level affects change in	the image brightness, that is, optical density
Windowing and other postprocessing mechanisms permit the radiographer to affect changes in the image and to produce "special effects" such as	edge enhancement, image stitching (useful in scoliosis examinations), image inversion, rotation, and reversal
Using fixed-mAs and variable-kVp technical factors, each centimeter increase in patient thickness requires what adjustment in kilovoltage?	Increase 2 kVp
A film artifact usually will appear as a plus-density (dark) artifact if it is produced before or after exposure?	before
A film artifact usually will appear as a minus-density (light) artifact if it is produced before or after exposure?	after
Quantum mottle is a grainy appearance on a finished radiograph that is seen especially in fast-imaging systems or slow-imaging systems?	fast
What does quantum mottle look like?	it has a spotted or freckled appearance
Which would be more likely to cause quantum mottle, low mAs or high mAs?	low mAs
Which is more likely to cause quantum mottle, low kVp or high kVp?	high kVp
The sensitometric curve may be used to	1. identify automatic processing problems. 2. determine film sensitivity.
The sensitometric, or characteristic, curve is used to illustrate the relationship between exposure and	the resulting film density
How does a sensitometric curve predict a film emulsion's response(speed, sensitivity)?	by determining how long it takes to record a particular density
The sensitometric curve is used in sensitometry to monitor	automatic processing efficiency and consistency
A film is given a series of predetermined exposures and processed, The resulting densities are plotted, and the resulting curve is compared with a known correct curve, a known correct curve	processing difficulties
The sensitrometric curve illustrates the effects of exposure and processing on	radiographic film emulsion
Size distortion is	magnification
Shape distortion is a result of improper alignment of	the x-ray tube, the part being radiographed, and the image recorder
the two types of shape distortion are	foreshortening and elongation
The shape of various structures can be radiographically misrepresented as a result of	their position in the body, when the part is out of the central axis of the x-ray beam, or when the central ray is angled
Which type of error results in grid cutoff at the periphery of the radiographic image?	Off-focus
If FOV increases, pixel size	increases
Geometric unsharpness is most likely to be greater	at the cathode end of the image
If 10% of the illuminator's light passes through the film, that film has a density of	1
Which of the following can affect histogram appearance?	1. Centering accuracy 2. Positioning accuracy 3. Processing algorithm accuracy
Angulation of the part with relation to the IR results in	foreshortening of the object
Tube angulation causes	elongation of the object
line focus principle	as the target angle decreases, the effective focal spot decreases (providing improved recorded detail), but the actual area of electron interaction remains much larger (allowing for greater heat capacity)
Does a steep (small) target angle increases or decrease the heel affect?	increase
The term field of view is used to describe	how much of the patient (eg, 150-mm diameter) is included in the matrix
The factors that affect the recorded detail of traditional screen/film imaging are	focal spot size, source-to-image distance (SID), object-to-image distance (OID), film/screen speed, and motion
Developing agents	change the exposed silver bromide crystals to black metallic silver, thus producing a manifest image
The fixer solution	removes the unexposed silver bromide crystals from the emulsion and hardens the gelatin emulsion, thus ensuring permanence of the radiograph
Which of the following functions to increase the mA?	Increasing the heat of the filament
A screen lag test is performed by radiographing a phantom using an empty cassette-image receptor, then loading it with film and leaving for it a few minutes.	If, after processing, there is any indication of an image, there is most probably screen lag.
Which of the following pathologic conditions require(s) a decrease in exposure factors?	1. Pneumothorax 2. Emphysema 3. Multiple myeloma
Radiographic contrast is a result of	1. differential tissue absorption. 2. emulsion characteristics.
Luminescence	the production of energy in the form of light
A film emulsion having wide latitude is likely to exhibit	low contrast
A gentle curve (as opposed to a steep curve) usually indicates a film with	slow speed, low contrast, and more latitude.
Grid ratio is defined as	the ratio between the height of the lead strips and the width of the distance between them (ie, their height divided by the distance between them).
anode angles of 10 degrees or less increase what?	anode heel effect
The iodine-based contrast material used in intravenous (IV) urography gives optimum opacification at what kVp?	60 to 70kvp
how to find percentage difference between 2 numbers	X and Y is: Y/X - 1
The function(s) of automatic beam limitation devices include	reducing the production of scattered radiation
Grid frequency refers to	the number of lead strips per inch
Factors that contribute to an increase in the intensification factor generally function to increase or decrease resolution?	decrease
As intensification factor increases, does radiographic density generally increase or decrease?	increase
Which of the following factors contribute(s) to the efficient performance of a grid?	1. Grid ratio 2. Number of lead strips per inch 3. Amount of scatter transmitted through the grid
The greater the number of lead strips per inch	the thinner and less visible they will be on the finished radiograph
The function of a grid is to	absorb scattered radiation in order to improve radiographic contrast
The selectivity of a grid is determined by	the amount of primary radiation transmitted through the grid divided by the amount of scattered radiation transmitted through the grid
Characteristics of digital radiographic imaging include	1. solid state detector receptor plates. 2. direct-capture imaging system. 3. immediate image display.
The fact that x-ray intensity across the primary beam can vary as much as 45% describes the	anode heel effect
Over- or underexposure under the anode is usually the result of	exceeding the focusing distance limits in addition to being off-center
Which of the following units is used to express resolution?	1. Line-spread function 2. Line pairs per millimeter
Which of the following will result if developer replenishment is inadequate?	Images with excessively low contrast
The formula used to determine magnification factor is:	MF = SID/SOD
The formula for magnification factor is	MF = image size/object size.
The atomic number of the tissues under investigation is directly related to their	attenuation coefficient
To produce a just perceptible increase in radiographic density, the radiographer must increase the mAs by	30%
The violet light emited by the photostimulable phosphor (PSP) is transformed into the image seen on the CRT by the	ADC
The latent image appears as the PSP is scanned by	a narrow high-intensity helium-neon laser to obtain the pixel data
As the plate is scanned in the CR reader, it releases a violet light—a process referred to as	photo-stimulated luminescence
The luminescent light from the plate is converted to	electrical energy representing the analog image
The electrical energy is sent to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) where it is	digitized and becomes the digital image that is eventually displayed (after a short delay) on a high-resolution monitor and/or printed out by a laser printer
Which of the following pathologic conditions are considered additive conditions with respect to selection of exposure factors?	1. Osteoma 2. Bronchiectasis 3. Pneumonia
focal spot angle is usually	12° to 17°
The steepness of the characteristic curve is representative of	image contrast
The steeper the curve, the greater the density differences and the higher the	contrast
The speed of the film is determined by	the curve's position on the log relative scale: When comparing two or more characteristic curves, the faster film lies
The faster the film speed, the less the	exposure latitude
In digital imaging, pixel size is determined by	dividing the FOV by the matrix.
Antihalation backing is	a component of single-emulsion film that prevents crossover of fluorescent light within an image receptor.
How efficiently the phosphors detect and interact with the x-ray photons is termed	quantum detection efficiency
How effectively the phosphors make this energy conversion is termed	conversion efficiency
The greater the percentage of scattered radiation absorbed compared to absorbed primary radiation, the greater the	"selectivity" of the grid
Recorded detail is improved using	a small focal-spot size, largest practical SID, shortest possible OID, and slowest practical screen/film combination and avoiding motion of the part being imaged.

Created by: jen.