AP Psych: Unit 3.5 Word Scramble

Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

Normal Size Small Size show me how

Question	Answer
What is developmental psychology	Studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout ones lifespan.
3 major developmental psychology focus	1) nature vs nurture 2) continuity and stages 3) stability and change
What are teratogens (from prenatal development)	chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or feature during prenatal development and causes harm
Habitutation	decrease responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus (shows signs of boredom)
Maturation	Biological growth process that enable orderly changes in behavior relatively uninfluenced by experiences
Frontal lobe	Last to develop in the cortical area but experiences rapid growth. Associated with thinking, memory, and language
Sequence of baby development	sit, crawl, walk, run
Age of earliest conscious memory is	4 years old
What brain structures make it easier to form memories?	The development of the frontal lobes and hippocampus
What is cognition?	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
What was Piaget's core idrea?	A child's mind develops through a series of stages, in an upward march from the newborns simple reflexes to adults abstract reasoning power (increase intellect means more struggle making sense of our experience)
What are schemas?	A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Assimilation vs Accommodation	Assimilation is integrating new experiences in terms of our current understanding. (dog = 4 legged animal) Accommodation is our schemas incorporating information provided by new experiences. (dog, cat, etc, multiple schema)
Piaget's theory in order	Sensorimotor (object permanences), Preoperational (conservation, pretend play, egocentric, theory of mind), Concrete operational, and Formal operational.
Sensorimotor stage	birth to 2 years old infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activity.
Object permances	(subsection of sensorimotor) when the awareness hat things continue to exist even when not perceived
Preoperational stage	2 years old to 6/7 years old when a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Conservation	(subsection of preoperational) the principle that quality remains the same despite change of shape (ex; the liquid in cup video)
Pretend play	(subsection of preoperational) symbolic thinking that advances during tradition stages
Egocentric	(subsection of preoperational) a child's difficulty taking another person's pov (ex; the mountain video)
Theory of mind	(subsection of preoperational) peoples ideas about their own and others mental stages, about their feelings, perceptions, thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
Concrete operational stage	7 years old to 11 years old when children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logical about concrete events
Formal operational stage	12 years old onwards when people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
What did Lev Vygotsky emphasize?	How the child's mind grows through interactions with the social environment
Scaffold	A framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking
What is a child's zone of proximal development?	the zone between what a child can and can't do (it's what a ki can do with help like riding a bike)
How is language an important ingredient of social monitoring?	It provides the building blocks for thinking (by internalizing their cultures, language, and relying on inner speech
How do today's researchers see development?	- development is continuous - formal logic as a smaller part of cognition - detecting the beginnings of each type of thinking at earlier ages to reveal conceptual ability
What is autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?	Appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interactions, and by rigidly fixated interest and repetitive behavior.
What seems to be the source of ASD's symptoms?	Poor communication among brain regions that normally work together to let us take another's view point
How can prenatal environment matter in the development of ASD?	when altered by maternal infection and inflammation , psychiatric drug use or stress hormones. (Childhood vaccines do not contribute to ASD)
What do several studies show about the brain's structure in those with ASD?	"Underconnectivity" Fewer than normal fiber tracts connectivity the front of the brain to the back. with under connectivity , there is less of the whole brain synchrony that, for example, integrated visual and emotional information
What is stranger anxiety?	The fear of strangers that infants commonly display begging about 8 months old
What is attachment?	An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation.
What are the findings of Harlow's monkey?	Harlow's study recognized that intense attachment to the blanket contradicted idea that attachment derives from an association with nourishment.
What is the a critical period?	an optional period in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
What is imprinting?	The process by which certain animals from strong attachments during early life
Strange situation	procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then return, the child reaction is observed
Secure attachment	shows only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves and finds comfort in caregivers return
Insecure attachment	who display clinging anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resist closeness.
Erick Erickson's claim of basic trust	Children who have a secure attachment style approach life with a sense of predictable and trustworthy (formed during infancy)
What happens when children are neglected?	They experience withdrawn, frighten, even speechless. cause lowerer intelligence scores, reduced brain development, abnormal stress responses, and quadruple the rate of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
What is self-concept?	All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
When does Darwin believe self-awareness begins?	Self-awareness begins when we recognize ourselves in a mirror, drawing showed by 18 months, children could distinct themselves in a mirror.
Authoritarian parenting style	Parents impose rules and expect obedience. (ex; "don't interrupt", "keep your room door open")
Permissive parenting style	Parents are not restraining. they make few demands, set few limits, and use little punishment
Negligent parenting style	Parents are uninvolved. They are neither demanding nor responsive. Careless, inattentive, do not seek a close relationship with their children
Authoritative parenting style	Parents are confirmative. They are both demanding and responsive. excerpt control by setting rules, especially with older children. Encourage open discussion and allow exceptions.
Western vs Asian/African beliefs.	Western world is more independent while Asia/Africa are focused on emotional closeness
Define adolescence?	the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. (start of sexual maturity, ends with social achievement of independent adult status)
Tension of adolescence	Tension between biological maturity and social dependence creates a period of storm and stress
What happens to unused neurons during adolescence	a selective pruning of unused neurons and connections (don't use you lose)
Frontal lobe continuing to grow	stops at around 25 year olds continued growth of myelin (fatty tissue around axon) lots of risky behavior before it forms
What are some changes in adolescents reasoning during formal operation?	Reasoning hypothetically and deducing consequences (enables adolescents to detect inconsistencies and spot hypocrisy in other's actions)
To be a moral person is to	think morally and act accordingly
Lawrence Kohlberg's mortality chart	Preconventional morality; determine right/wrong by rewards/punishments Conventional morality; views of other matter. avoidance of blame and seeks approval Post conventional morality; abstract notions of justice. rights of others can override obedience.
Jonathan Haidt belief of morality	it's rooted in moral intuitions quick gut feeling"
What is identity?	our sense of self. adolescents task is to solidity. a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
What is social identity?	the "we" aspect of our self-concept, comes from our group memberships
Why do some adolescents forge identities early?	By adopting their parents values and expectation
What age range does self esteem fall?	During the early to mid-teen years
What is intimacy and how is it related to identity development?	The ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood.
How does the relationship between adolescents and parents change as adolescents begin to find their own identities?	They begin to pull away from their parents (occurs gradually)
Describe emerging adulthood?	a period from age 18 to the mid-twenties when many in western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independences as adults
In what two ways does biology influence our gender psychology?	Genetically - males & females nave differing sex chromosomes. Physiologically - males & Females have differing concentrations of sex hormones, which trigger other anatomical differences.
What are X chromosomes?	found in both male and female. child gets one from each parent.
What are Y chromosomes?	found only in males and when paired with x chromosomes from mother, the child is a boy
What is testosterone?	( most important male sex hormone ) additional testosterone in males during development can stimulate the growth of the male sex organ and during the fetal period and puberty
What are primary and secondary sex characteristics?	primary are reproductive structures (ovaries/testes) secondary are nonproductive parts (breast/hips)
What is meant to be intersex?	condition presents at birth due to an unnatural combo of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy
What is sex reassignment surgery?	create an unambiguous sex identity for children with the intersex condition
What are AIDS?	Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Sexually transmitted disease stemming from HIV. AIDS depletes the persons immune system making them vulnerable for illness
Factors impacting variation in teen sexuality?	1) BC communication 2) impulsively 3) alcohol use 4) mass media
Factors that predicts sexual restraints?	1) religion 2) high intelligence 3) father presence 4) service learning participation
Main points regarding sexual orientation?	- who you are attracted too - not willfully chosen - reaction from others is considered
How much can we attribute sexual orientation to genetics?	About 1/3 of variation in sexual orientation is attributed to genetic influences ( most critical in the 3rd trimester )
Describe some gay-straight differences	spatial abilities, fingerprint ridges, auditory levels, gender nonconformity, etc
When do our physical abilities peak?	muscular strength, reaction time, sensory, and cardiac output begin to decline by mid-twenties. (depends on health habits)
What is menopause?	the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also reters to the biological changes a women experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
How has life expectancy changed since 1950?	use to be 46.5 years old to now 71 to 80 years old (men die first though)
What are some changes in sensory abilities as we get older?	Visual sharpness, distance perception, adaptation to light changes, and muscle mass decreases
Pros and cons of growing older (healthy wise)	pro: antibodies to prepare for flu/common cold are stronger con: immune system is weaker and life threatening diseases can happen
Compared to teenagers, older people take a bit more time to:	react, solve puzzles, and remember names
What type of things do we remember well as we get older?	Early adulthood (teens and young adulthood)
Explain older people's prospective memories	Older people's prospective memory remains strong when events help trigger a memory, especially got habitual task
How can we build mental muscle and prevent decline from old age?	"brain fitness" computer based training programs
Take away from cross-sectional and longitudinal study	Age is less a predictor of memory and intelligence
What is a neurocognitive disorder (NCD)?	Acquired (not life long) disorders marked by congestive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's, brain injury, drug abuse. (Formerly called dementia).
Describe alzheimer's disease	A neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plagues after the age around 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities.
Alzheimer's symptoms	loss of brain cells and a deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitters acetylcholine, which is vital for memory and thinking
What is a social clock?	the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
What are chance events?	Ironic events that have lasting significance (For example the author of a book on this topic ended up marrying a woman he happened to sit next to)
Basic aspects that dominate adulthood	1) Intamcy (forming close relationships) 2) Generativity (being productive and supporting future gens)
How does facing death with dignity and openness help?	Helps people complete the life cycle with a sense of life's purpose and meaningfulness and unity
What is language?	Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
What are phonemes?	The smallest distinctive sound unit (ex; bat -> B, A, T)
What are morphemes	The smallest unit that carries meaning, like prefixes, may be part of a word (ex, readers -> Read, Er, S)
What is grammar?	A language's set of rules that enable people to communicate , guide us in deriving meaning from sounds (semantics) and ordering words into sentences (syntax)
What is syntax?	The correct way to string words together to from setences
What is receptive language?	a babies ability to understand what is said to and about them
What happens linguistically for 6 and 7 month olds?	6 months; they are able to recognize object names 7 months; they grow in their power to segment spoken sounds into individual words
What is productive language?	a babies ability to produce words, matures long after receptive language
What occurs during the babbling stage?	Beginning around 4 months, infants spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to household language
What occurs during the one-word stage?	At 1 to 2 years old when a child speaks in single words to communicate their thoughts
What occurs during the two-word stage?	About age 2 when a child speaks in two word segments. Telegraphic speech where they talk in verb-noun patterns (ex; juice)
What happens during early elementary linguistically?	Children understand complex sentences and begin to enjoy the humor conveyed by double meanings
What is meant by the critical period?	A sensitive period for mastering certain aspects of language before the language learning window is closed
What happens if not exposed to any language by age 7?	Lose the ability to master any language
Deaf child, sign language discourse	They should learn sign language from birth to ensure their developing language skills comparable to their peers. Delaying exposure to sign language can lead to significant language deficits.
Deaf child, cochlear implants discourse	Cochlear implants enable sounds to deaf people by converting it into electrical signals and stimulates the auditory nerve. Debated because deaf adults advocate against it because being deaf is not a linguistic disability
What areas are children most affected by hearing loss?	School achievement, socially excluded, and communicating with peers who don't understand sign language.
What is Broca's Area?	Prefrontal cortex, in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved with speech.
What is Wernicke's Area?	Area in left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expression
What did Benjamin Lee Whorf propose?	Language itself shapes a person's basic ideas
Define linguistic determinism	The strong form of whorf's hypothesis, that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us
Why is linguistic influence considered the weaker form?	Words affect our thinking, thus our thinking and world view is relative to our culture's language
How can words influence our thinking about color?	We see colors the same but we use our native language to classify and remember them ( we think in images)

Created by: SamanthaKotas