flow cytometry Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
__________ is an automated system in which single cells in a fluid suspension are analyzed in terms of their intrinsic light-scattering characteristics.	Flow cytometry
The cells are also simultaneously evaluated for extrinsic properties (usually specific surface proteins) using ________	fluorescent-labeled antibodies or probes
Flow cytometers can simultaneously measure ___________.	multiple cellular properties
Because the flow rate of cells within the cytometer is so rapid, thousands of cells can be analyzed in seconds, allowing for the accurate detection of ___________.	very rare cells
The major __________include the fluidics, the laser light source, the optics and photodetectors, and a computer for data analysis and management.	components of a flow cytometer
Cells are processed into a ________, and the cytometer draws up the cell suspension and injects the sample inside a carrier stream of __________ (sheath fluid) to form a laminar flow.	suspension; isotonic saline
The sample stream is constrained by the carrier stream and is thus __________ focused so that the cells pass in a single file through the intersection of the laser light source	hydrodynamically focused
Each cell is interrogated by a _______ that typically consists of one or more small air-cooled _________.	light source; lasers
Cells are labeled with a_________, or fluorescent molecule, that absorbs light across a spectrum of wavelengths and emits light of lower energy across a spectrum of longer wavelengths.	fluorochrome
Each fluorochrome has a distinctive spectral pattern of __________	absorption (excitation) and emission.
The choice of fluorochromes to be used in an assay depends on the light source used for _____.	excitation
Many flow cytometers utilize a second laser to increase flexibility in _________ selection	fluorochrome
Light at two specific angles is measured by the __________: forward-angle light scatter (FSC), and orthogonal right angle light scatter, or 90-degree-angle light scatter (SSC).	flow cytometer
________, or light scattered at less than 90 degrees, is considered an indicator of cell size, while the _______ signal is indicative of granularity or intracellular complexity of the cell.	FSC; SSC
FSC, or light scattered at less than 90 degrees, is considered an indicator of _______	cell size
the SSC signal is indicative of __________of the cell.	granularity or intracellular complexity
FSC and SSC are considered _____, can be used to characterize different cell types.	intrinsic parameters
In a sample of whole blood, the three major populations of white blood cells (___________) can be roughly differentiated from each other based solely on their _________	lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes; intrinsic parameters
Extrinsic parameters of cells require the addition of a ________ for their detection.	fluorescent probe
___________ antibodies bound to the cell are interrogated by the laser or lasers of the ________concurrently with measurements of the cell’s FSC and SSC.	Fluorescent labeled; cytometer
FSC, SSC, and fluorescence signals generated by the cells’ interaction with the laser are detected by photomultiplier tubes and detectors within the __________	optic system
Once the intrinsic and extrinsic cellular properties of many cells have been collected and the data digitalized by the data __________, the data set is ready for analysis by the operator.	data analysis and management system
Typically, 10,000–20,000 “events” are collected for ______ sample.	each
The first level of data representation is the _________, which plots a chosen parameter (generally fluorescence) on the x-axis versus the number of events on the y-axis	single-parameter histogram
The next level of representation is the ___________, or dual-parameter dot plot, where each dot represents an individual cell or event.	bivariant histogram
The operator chooses which parameters to analyze on both the x- and y-axes and then divides the dot plot into _________, separating the positives from the negatives in each axis.	four quadrants
For example, the lymphocytes can be gated, and then the subpopulations of T cells ( _____) and B cells ( ___)can be analyzed	CD3+ and CD4+ or CD2+; CD2- CD19+
Detailed phenotypic analysis can determine the __________, as well as the degree of differentiation and activation, of a cell population.	lineage and clonality
Samples commonly used for analysis in Flow cytometry include ________.	whole blood, bone marrow, and fluid aspirates
Blood should be stored at _______ (20ºC–25ºC) prior to processing and should be ________ before being pipetted into staining tubes.	room temperature; well mixed
_______ or clotted specimens should be rejected.	Hemolyzed
Samples with large numbers of red cells require ________ removal to allow for efficient analysis of _________.	erythrocyte; white cells
Historically, _______ with Ficoll-Hypaque was used to generate a cell suspension enriched for lymphocytes or blasts	density gradient centrifugation
density gradient centrifugation was used to generate a ________, enriched for lymphocytes or ____.	cell suspension; blasts
Ficoll-Hypaque - However this method results in selective ______ of some cell populations.	loss
Routine applications of _______in the clinical laboratory include ____ of peripheral blood lymphocytes, enumeration of ___ cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow for use in stem cell transplantation.	flow cytometry; immunophenotyping; CD34+ stem
________ is a characterization of acute leukemias, non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, and other lymphoproliferative disorders.	immunophenotypic
Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry has become an important component of initial evaluation and subsequent post-therapeutic monitoring in _________	leukemia and lymphoma management.
Enumeration of peripheral blood CD4+ T cells in HIV-infected patients remains the highest volume test performed in the flow cytometry laboratory, because it is used in classifying ________ and determining treatment options.	stages of HIV disease
Additional examples of applications of flow cytometry include the determination of DNA content, or _______, of tumor cells	ploidy status
Monitoring patients who have been treated for leukemia or lymphoma for “_________disease”	minimal residual
In the case of a _____hemorrhage, flow cytometry is much more sensitive than the traditional Kleihauer-Betke method to detect __________ positive cells.	fetal–maternal hemorrhage; hemoglobin F
Flow cytometry is also being used in ______________ (HLA) typing and cross-matching for solid organ transplantation	human leukocyte antigen
There are currently two main types of immunoassay analyzers on the market:_____ analyzers and _________ analyzers	batch ; random access
_____ analyzers can examine multiple samples and provide access to the test samples for the formation of _________ reaction mixtures.	Batch analyzers; subsequent
________ analyzers, in which multiple test samples can be analyzed and multiple testing can be performed on any test sample, can allow stat samples to be loaded ________ and multiple analyses on any one sample	Random access; randomly
Automation can and does occur in all three stages of laboratory testing: ___ _________ _______ stages.	the preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical stages.
Regardless of the instrumentation considered, proper validation of _________ must always be performed	new instrumentation or methodology
The laboratory must determine how it will meet __________ regulations for verifying the manufacturer’s performance specifications and information regarding method/instrument validation.	Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment (CLIA)
As designated by CLIA, the required verifications to be determined for a new method are accuracy, precision,______ , _________, interfering substances, reportable range, and reference intervals.	analytic sensitivity, analytic specificity

Created by: tatianat