Unit 1 Chapter 17 Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
What are the four ways in which cell-to-cell communication can be accomplished?	Neurotransmitter Gap junctions Paracrines Hormones
Which type of secretion has an extracellular effect such as the digestion of food?	Exocrine
The nervous system is similar to the endocrine system in that both work through chemical messengers to affect physiological responses. However, the nervous system has a ______ response.	less persistent
Circulating testosterone is relatively inactive. How does testosterone become more active?	Its target cells have an enzyme that converts it to an active form.
Which endocrine gland is housed in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone?	Pituitary gland
Gap junctions, neurotransmitters, paracrines, and hormones are all mechanisms by which cells do what?	Communicate
The hormones of the hypothalamus that stimulate the anterior pituitary to release hormones are called Blank______.	releasing hormones
Which glands secrete their product by way of a duct directly onto an epithelial surface?	Exocrine
The hormone called ____________ -stimulating hormone stimulates the secretion of ovarian sex hormones and the development of the ovarian follicles.	Follicle
The nervous system is similar to the endocrine system in that both work through chemical messengers to affect physiological responses. However, the nervous system is Blank______ in its response.	Faster
Similar to neurotransmitters, hormones exert their action only on cells that have specific Blank______ that the hormones bind to.	receptors
Which pituitary hormone stimulates ovulation?	Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Which endocrine organ is suspended from the floor of the hypothalamus?	Pituitary gland
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone is Blank______.	TSH
Hypothalamic releasing hormones stimulate which gland to release hormones?	Pituitary gland
ADH does what to urine volume?	decreases
In the testes, FSH stimulates which of the following?	Sperm production
Which area of the brain monitors conditions within and outside of the body?	Hypothalamus
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone is Blank______.	luteinizing hormone LH
Thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulates the growth and function of which of the following?	Thyroid gland
Growth hormone stimulates the liver and other tissues to produce growth stimulants called insulin-like growth factors which are also called what?	Somatomedins
Which hormone increases water retention by the kidneys, reduces urine volume, and helps prevent dehydration?	Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which hormone stimulates sperm production?	Follicle stimulating hormone
Gonadotropin secretion might be suppressed by which hormone?	Melatonin
During pregnancy, the hypothalamus causes Blank______ secretion so a woman will be prepared to lactate after giving birth.	prolactin
Which gland is unique in that it is large in the fetus and infant, but is a small remnant in the elderly?	Thymus
The anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates ovulation is hormone.	Luteinizing
The role of insulin-like growth factors or somatomedins is to prolong which of the following?	The action of growth hormone
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?	It increases water retention by the kidneys.
What is the largest endocrine gland in an adult?	Thyroid gland
True or False? The function of melatonin is uncertain, though in animals with seasonal breeding it seems to regulate the gonads.	True
The thyroid gland is composed of sacs called thyroid _________, which are filled with a protein-rich colloid.	Follicles
Where is the thymus located?	In the mediastinum
he pituitary hormone that stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone is Blank______.	luteinizing hormone
What does a calorigenic effect increase?	Heat production
Growth hormone stimulates the liver and other tissues to produce growth stimulants called insulin-like growth factors which are also called what?	Somatomedins
Where are the parathyroid glands located?	Embedded in the thyroid gland
The two lobes of the thyroid are joined by what narrow piece of tissue?	Isthmus
Where is the adrenal medulla?	At the core of the adrenal gland, superior to the kidney
Thyroid hormone is composed primarily of which of the following?	Thyroxine
The structure that acts as both an endocrine gland and a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system is the adrenal ____________.	medulla
Which gland is unique in that it is large in the fetus and infant, but is a small remnant in the elderly?	Thymus
What effect does thyroid hormone have on the body's metabolic rate?	It increases it.
Which is the most abundant catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla?	Epinephrine
The ovoid glands partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid are the Blank______ glands.	parathyroid
Which structure acts as both an endocrine gland and as a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system?	Adrenal medulla
What is a function of catecholamines?	To increase alertness and prepare the body for physical activity
The adrenal cortex is composed of how many layers of tissue which differ in their histology and hormone output?	3
The chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla secrete which neurotransmitters?	Catecholamines
Cells called spongiocytes are found within the zona Blank______ of the adrenal cortex.	fasciculata
Where are the parathyroid glands located?	Embedded in the thyroid gland
Which adrenal cortical hormone helps maintain blood pressure and blood volume?	Aldosterone
Where is the adrenal medulla?	At the core of the adrenal gland, superior to the kidney
Which hormone is a potent glucocorticoid that is secreted in response to ACTH to help the body adapt to stress?	Cortisol
Which catecholamine is said to have a glucose-sparing effect?	Epinephrine
Pancreatic islets are also called which of the following?	Islets of Langerhans
Which describes the location of the adrenal cortex?	It surrounds the adrenal medulla.
What is the thin layer of the adrenal cortex just beneath the capsule that produces mineralocorticoids?	Zona glomerulosa
Which endocrine gland also acts as an exocrine gland?	Pancreas
The most significant mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex is which of the following?	Aldosterone
Which pancreatic hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and the release of glucose into circulation in response to decreased blood glucose?	Glucagon
The most potent glucocorticoid is	cortisol
When blood nutrients increase, insulin is secreted from the Blank______ cells of the pancreas to help the transport of nutrients into cells.	beta
A small cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secretes insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin is a pancreatic Blank______.	islet
When they secrete hormones, the ovaries and testes are considered what type of glands?	Endocrine
Which structure is yellow in color due to its high lipid content and produces steroid hormones from cholesterol?	Adrenal cortex
Choose all the hormones that are produced by the liver.	Insulin-like growth factor Hepcidin Erythropoietin
The pancreas is located retroperitoneally and Blank______.	posterior to the stomach
The kidneys produce which two hormones?	Calcitriol Erythropoietin
The hormone secreted from alpha cells of the pancreas in response to decreased blood glucose is ____________.	Glucagon
Which hormone is produced by the heart?	Atrial natriuretic peptide
During and immediately following a carbohydrate rich meal, the beta cells of the pancreas secrete the hormone ___________.	insulin
The gonads and the adrenal _____________ are the only sites of steroid synthesis in the body.	cortex
Gonads function as both ___________ and exocrine glands.	Endocrine
Rising blood glucose levels stimulate the release of insulin. This is what type of stimulus for hormone secretion?	Humoral
Where is the protein angiotensinogen, the precursor protein of the active hormone angiotensin II, produced?	Liver
What is a bound hormone?	A bound hormone is one attached to a transport protein.
The kidney secretes the enzyme _____________ which acts to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.	Renin
To get from an endocrine gland to its target cell, a hormone must travel through what?	Blood
What effect does natriuretic peptide have on blood pressure?	It decreases it.
What is a hormone receptor?	A specific protein or glycoprotein embedded in the plasma membrane
Peptides and catecholamines are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate a target cell. They therefore bind to receptors where?	On the cell surface
Hormones of the hypothalamus stimulate the anterior pituitary to release a hormone. This is what type of stimulus for hormone secretion?	Hormonal
Steroid hormones are which of following?	Hydrophobic
Target cells can become less sensitive to a hormone by decreasing the number of receptors via which process?	Down-regulation
Which of the following can leave the blood of a capillary to get to its target organ?	An unbound hormone
True or False Hormones always function independently of other hormones.	False The interactive effects of hormones include antagonistic, synergistic and permissive interactions.
With respect to hormones, what does saturation mean?	Saturation means that all of the receptor molecules have bound hormone molecules.
Two or more hormones that act together to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate effects are said to be what?	Synergists
When peptides and catecholamines bind to the target cell, how do they stimulate its physiology?	Through second messenger systems
The stress response is mediated by what system(s)?	Both the endocrine system and the sympathetic nervous system
True or false All hormones interact with their target cells by first binding to a membrane-bound receptor.	False Lipid soluble (steroid) hormones diffuse through the membrane and interact directly with intercellular components.
The initial response to stress is the _____________ reaction.	alarm
The three types of hormone interactions are synergistic, permissive, and __________ effects.	Antagonistic
What are chemical messengers that diffuse through tissue fluid and affect only nearby cells called?	Paracrines
Which two hormones are synergists?	Testosterone and FSH
What term means inadequate hormone release?	Hyposecretion
Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one physical or emotional well-being is defined as	stress
Which condition results from excessive cortisol secretion?	Cushing syndrome
Steroid hormones are which of following?	Hydrophobic
A disruption of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism that results from the hyposecretion of insulin is called _________ mellitus.	diabetes
The initial response to stress is an alarm reaction mediated mainly by which two hormones?	Norepinephrine and epinephrine
What is the paracrine released by mast cells?	Histamine
What is an excessive hormone release called?	Hypersecretion
Which can have similar effects as Cushing syndrome?	Long-term hydrocortisone therapy
Choose all of the following that cells metabolize when they cannot absorb glucose, as occurs in diabetes mellitus. Multiple select question. Bone Protein Glycogen Fat	Protein Fat :)

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