Psych Unit 4 Test Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
UCR ( Uncondtioned response)	An unlearned naturally occuring response (such as salvitation) to an unconditioned stimulus (such as food in the mouth)
UCS	a stimulus that uncondotionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response (UCR)
CR	a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (NS/CS)
NS/CS	The originally irrelevant stimulus that, after associating with an UCS, comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)
Behvior Order-	NS/CS MUST come before the UCS
Classical Conditioned people	Ivan Pavlov (pavlovs dogs) and John B Watson (Little Albert)
Classical Conditioned Definition	a type of learning where the stimulus gains the power to cause a response because it predicts another stimulus that already produces that response (Associative Learning)
Acquistition	When a behavior, such as a conditioned response, has been learned.
Extinction	the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency, it involves repeatedly presenting the CS without pairing it with the UCS
Spontaneous recovery	the reappearance of a previously extinguished response after a period of non-exposure
Stimulus Generalization	responding to a similar stimulus in the same way (different tone) “phobias”
High order conditioning	CS functions as if it were an UCS (tone -> red light)
Stimulus Discrimination	occurs when stimuli similar to the CS do not result in a CR
Stimulus contiguity	when a stimulus is presented in a repeated form like a series of connections to form learning. (Example- always seeing salt and pepper together, so when you see salt now you think of pepper)
Timing between CS and UCS	.5 - 1 sec pairing is optimal
Instrument Learning (Operant)	Belief that we operate in our environment. It is based on consequences. Behavior is based on type of consequences that occur after the behavior
People in Operant conditioning	Thorndike- the law of effect. behaviors are encouraged when they are followed by satisfying consequences
Difference between CC and OC	Influencing the likelihood of a response by controlling the consequences of the response, the focus is on voluntary behaviors rather than involuntary reflexive behaviors which helps to explain more human behaviors!
Positive Reinforcement	Behavior is followed by desired stimulus (Example- praise, money)
Negative Reinforcement (Most effective)	Behavior prevents, removes or avoids an undesired stimulus, this also makes the behavior more likely to occur (Example- If my son brings in the recycle bins I will stop nagging him)
What are the two key concepts of negative reinforcement	Escape and Avoidance
Escape	behavior ends an aversive stimulus (take Advil to escape headache)
Avoidance	Examples: take Dramamine before flying, taking Tumms before eating spicy foods to avoid tummy ache, drink lots of water prior to an athletic contest to avoid dehydration
Positive Reinforcement Pt2	adding a factor to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior.
Negative Reinforcement PT2	removing a factor to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior.
What is the main goal in both positive and negative reinforcement?	both strategies aim to increase the likelihood of desired behaviors
Positive punishment	Behavior is followed by an aversive (not liked) stimulus. Make behavior LESS likely to occur.
Example of positive punishment	After scratching at the couch (behavior), a cat is sprayed with water (aversive stimulus), making it less likely the cat will scratch the couch in the future.
Negative punishment (Also known as omission training)	In negative punishment , you remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior
Negative Punishment examples	when a child misbehaves, a parent can take away a favorite toy. In this case, a stimulus (the toy) is removed in order to decrease the behavior.
Simply putting punishment and reinforcement...	Simply put, positive means a stimulus or event is added after the behavior, and negative means a stimulus was avoided or removed.
Weakening behavior/response	punishment
PR	giving a reward
NR	removing an aversive stimulus
What are the problems with punishment	Strong emotional response, and physical punishment can cause aggresive children. disciplining is much more effective by reinforcing desirable behavior rather than by punishing undesirable behavior
B. F Skinner	Principle of reinforcement. organisms tend to repeat responses that are followed by favorable consequences!
Primary reinforcer	Satisfy biological needs – food, water, warmth, sex, affection, bodily contact
Secondary reinforcer	Conditioned reinforcement - $, good grades, attention, praise
Shaping	reinforcement of closer desired responses
Extinction	response no longer followed by reinforcer, brief surge and then gradual decline
Generalization	blender in the kitchen –cat runs in
Discrimination	cat learns only to run in when can opener turns on = feeding time
Continuous reinforcement	he repeated reinforcement of a behavior every time it happens.
Intermittent reinforcement	the delivery of a reward at irregular intervals. The subject does not receive a reward each time they perform a desired behavior or according to any regular schedule but at seemingly random intervals.
Delayed reinforcement	Reinforcement is delayed whenever there is period of time between the response producing the reinforcer and its subsequent delivery.
Resistance to reinforcement	an individual continuing to respond even after reinforcement has been removed from the equation
Discriminative stimulus	a stimulus that when it is present, generates a particular response and the response is usually faster, more frequent, and more resistant to extinction
Learned helplessness	occurs when an individual continuously faces a negative, uncontrollable situation and stops trying to change their circumstances, even when they have the ability to do so. For example, a smoker may repeatedly try and fail to quit.
What are the Four different Reinforcement Schedules	Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval
Fixed Ratio	The fixed ratio schedule involves using a constant number of responses. Example- a child must do five chores before receiving an allowance, so the child conducts 5 chores knowing they will receive their compensation.
Variable Ratio	a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. Example. When someone gambles, they are rewarded with a win after an unpredictable number of bets placed.
Fixed Interval	a set amount of time between occurrences of something like a reward. Example- a monthly review at work, a teacher giving a reward for good behavior each class, and a weekly paycheck.
Variable Interval	involve reinforcement of a target behavior after an interval of time has passed. Example- when someone waits for an elevator.
Instinctive drift	when an innate response tendency interferes with conditioning process
Biological Predisposition	when a subject (human, animal, plant) possesses some internal quality that gives them an increased likelihood of having a condition
Taste Aversion	when you get nauseous or vomit after eating something and then associate the food with the sickness
Radical Behaviorist	strongly believe that learning occurs without thought! Expectation vs Cognizant
Robert Rescorla	Revised Contiguinity Model. suggest that expectation and thought strongly influence influence learning
Obersvational learning	when someone’s response is influenced by observing the actions of others (role models)
Albert Bandura	Vicarious conditioning – that is classical and operant conditioning take place indirectly through observational learning Tendencies are strengthened if the models response leads to a favorable outcome
what are the 4 key processes in observational learning	Attention, Retention, Reproduction, and Motivatoin
Albert Bandura/BoBo doll	Children exposed to aggressive model imitated the models behavior. aggression can be learned through observation
Edward Toleman's Latent Learning Experience	Rats that ran a maze repeatedly evidenced dramatic improvement following introduction of a reward. rats learned their way around the maze, created and stored cognitive maps and were able to use the maps when needed
Wolfgang Kohler’s Insight Learning Experiments	Chimpanzees solved problems suddenly rather than gradually. Nonhuman animals are capable of insight

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