Pharmacology Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
Which pancreatic hormone promotes fuel mobilization?	Glucagon
Which pancreatic hormone promotes fuel storage?	Insulin
Why does insulin resistance develop?	because of prolonged hyperglycemia and resulting hyperinsulinemia
What is the cause of a “pooped out” or tired pancreas?	it results from a delay in insulin secretion and insulin resistance.
The criterion for a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus includes a hemoglobin A1C value of _________ or higher?	6.5% or higher
What is the cause of Type I diabetes?	it results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Why are more cases of type II diabetes being reported in persons younger than 20 years?	This is being attributed to a much more sedentary lifestyle, lack of exercise, and obesity.
What is considered first-line therapy for a patient with type 2 diabetes?	Diet and exercise first before drugs
More people are diagnosed with which type of diabetes in the United States?	Type II
Uncontrolled diabetes produces a pronounced susceptibility to what dental issue?	dental caries.
Why are uncontrolled diabetic patients more susceptible to dental caries?	This is caused mainly by decreased salivary flow related to fluid loss
Why are patients with uncontrolled or undiagnosed diabetes more prone to periodontal disease?	because of enhanced collagenase activity, changes in glucose tolerance factor, microangiopathy of the tissues, and altered polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function
Are patients with well-controlled diabetes more at risk for periodontal disease according to the Pharmacology textbook?	Although controversial, patients with well-controlled diabetes are still more prone to periodontal disease than the general public
When should oral surgical procedures should be performed in the diabetic patient?	1.5 to 2 hours after the patient has eaten a normal breakfast and taken regular anti-diabetes medication
What is a systemic complication of diabetes that leads to reduced and sometimes absent feelings, especially in the lower extremities?	neuropathy
What can occur in the diabetic patient due to depressed immunity, less effective white blood cells, microvascular changes, and neuropathy?	gangrene in the peripheral extremities
What are some contributing factors to gangrene in the extremities of diabetic patients?	poor eyesight, poor circulation, and reduced sensation in the extremities
What is the major cause of blindness in adults?	Diabetes
What test more accurately measures the patient’s overall serum glucose control than the serum glucose test?	The glycosylated hemoglobin test
The primary goal of treating diabetes is to maintain hemoglobin A1c levels as close to normal as possible, which is what?	less than 7%
For every percentage point drop in hemoglobin A1C, the risk of microvascular complications decreases by what percentage?	40%
How is insulin usually administered?	subcutaneous injection
What is the mechanism of action of the sulfonylureas?	stimulation of the release of insulin from the β cells of the pancreas, reduction of glucose from the liver, reduction in serum glucagon levels, and increase in the sensitivity of the target tissues to insulin
What type of medications can react with sulfonylureas to produce a decrease in serum glucose levels?	aspirin
Metformin (Glucophage) is a member of what group of drugs?	biguanide group
What is the mechanism of action of metformin?	It increases hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity, it lowers blood glucose but, used alone, does not produce hypoglycemia.
The biguanides, such as metformin, can cause what as it's most serious side effect?	lactic acidosis
Adverse reactions of metformin primarily occur where?	in the GI tract
What drug is an α-glucosidase inhibitor that slows the breakdown of ingested carbohydrates so that postprandial hyperglycemia is reduced?	Acarbose (Precose)
Which form of insulin has a faster onset of action as a consequence of exchanging two amino acids in the structure of human insulin?	Lispro insulin
The most common adverse reaction associated with any insulin product is what?	hypoglycemia
Which symptoms of hypoglycemia can be explained by glucose deprivation of the brain rather than the adrenal glands?	blurred vision and incoherent speech
What is the mechanism of action of nonsulfonylurea secretagogues such as repaglinide (Prandin) and nateglinide (Starlix)?	they bind to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channels on beta cells and increase insulin resistance
What drug lowers blood glucose by slowing glucose absorption?	Acarbose
What drug can take up to 6 to 14 weeks to achieve maximal effect?	rosiglitazone (Avandia)
The U.S. FDA recommends checking what levels before starting therapy with thiazolidinediones and periodically thereafter?	serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels
What drug is the first in a new class of drugs called incretin mimetics?	Exenatide (Byetta)
Exenatide (Byetta) will lower hemoglobin A1C levels by what percentage?	by 1 to 1.5%
What drug is approved for type I diabetes as an adjunct treatment and its use leads to decreased caloric intake and potential weight loss?	Pramlintide (Symlin)
What drug is a bile acid sequestrant that is used to decrease low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol?	Colesevelam (WelChol)
What is the treatment of hypoglycemia if the patient is unconscious and lacks a swallowing reflex?	intravenous dextrose (50%).

Created by: BrendaAlberts