DP_chp5abc Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
Motor skill means	The movement of muscles
The learned abilities to move some part of the body, in actions ranging from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid.	Moror skills
Motor skills begin with	reflexes
Reflexes become skills	if they are practiced and encouraged
Deliberate actions that coordinate many parts of the body, producing large movements, are called	Gross Motor Skills
Gross motor skills emerge directly from	reflexes and proceed first control their heads, lifting them up to look around. Then they control their upper bodies, their arms, and finally their legs and feet
cephalocaudal	Head-down direction
proximodistal	center-out direction.
Sit	6-7.5
Stand holding	7.4-9.4
Crawl	8-10
Stand alone	10.8-13.48-10
Walk well	12-14.4
Walk backward	15-17
Run	18-2015-17
Jump up	26-29
age norms are affected by	culture and cohort.
Being very late for gross motor skills	is a cause for concern.
Jumping up, with a three-month age range for acquisition. The reason is that	the older a child is, the more impact both nature and nurture have.
Sit propped in a lap	3months
sit unsupported	6 months
novice sitting and standing infants lose balance just from	turning their heads or lifting their arms”
Vision adjusts	Balance
Crawling is Another example of the	head-down and center-out direction of skill mastery. As they gain muscle strength
As Babies want to move forward to explore objects just out of reach their	Motivation is crucial:
tummy time the infant has had to develop the muscles is affected by	The caregiver’s culture
falls are common but harmless in infancy, because	bodies are padded, bones are flexible, and the floor is nearby.
In late adulthood falls can be	fatal.
inching, bear-walking, scooting, creeping, or crawling are	Prewalking skills
free hands a drive that underlies every motor skill:	Babies are powerfully motivated to do whatever they can as soon as they can.
the dynamic-systems perspective highlights the interaction of 1.strength, 2.maturation, and 3.practice beyond	motivation
The ability to walk is provided opportunity by caregivers and	obsessive practice, barefoot or not, at home or in stores, on sidewalks or streets, on lawns or in mud.
The first leg movements occur w.o much thought —kicking (alternating legs at birth and then both legs together or one leg repeatedly at about 3 months)	Brain maturation
Second As the brain matures to allow walking	deliberate and coordinated leg action becomes possible.
Newborns with skinny legs and 3-month-olds buoyed by water make stepping movements, but 6-month-olds on dry land do not; their legs are too chubby for their underdeveloped muscles. As they gain strength, they stand and then walk—easier for thin babies tha
Second, Brain maturation
practice, not merely ___underlies improvements. .	maturation
Small body movements are called	Fine Motor Skills
The most valued fine motor skills are	finger movements, enabling humans to write, draw, type, tie, and so on. Movements of the tongue, jaw, lips, and toes are fine movements, too.
fine motor skills	Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin. fine means “small.”
Newborns have a strong reflexive grasp but for hand skills they	lack control
During their first two months, babies excitedly stare and wave their arms at	objects dangling within reach.
By 3 months, baby can touch dangling objects but	limited eye-hand coordination, they cannot yet grab and hold on unless an object is placed in their hands.
Grasps rattle when placed in hand	3-4 months
From a developmental perspective ability to grab her own toes requires	coordination of feet and fingers, determination and concentration.
Reaches to hold an object	4.5-6 months
Thumb and finger grasp	8-10 months: end/year 1 and throughout 2, baby master using thumb and forefinger to pick up tiny objects, self-feeding with hands, then fingers, then utensils.
Stacks two blocks	15-21 months
Imitates vertical line (drawing)	30-39 months
infants sometimes grab, but their timing is off: close their hands too early or too late	4 months
concentrated and deliberate most babies can reach, grab, and grasp almost any object Some from one hand to the other.	6 months
the older an infant is,	the more impact both nature and nurture have jumping up may be three months either way.
every motor skill, progresses by	brain/ muscle maturation, practice, cultural and caregiver opportunity.
mittens w/Velcro allow grabbing and infants master	hand skills sooner than usual. Their perception advances as well
generally, all senses and motor skills expand the baby’s	cognitive awareness, with practice advancing both skill and cognition
Motor skill practice is especially obvious in the first year, when “infants	flap their arms, rotate their hands, and wiggle their fingers, and exhibit bouts of rhythmical waving, rubbing, and banging while holding objects”
Cultural Variations show The importance of considering together all the factors that relate to it (context)	practice of every motor skill advances development, not only of the skill but overall
Remember that difference is not deficit. However, slow development relative to local norms may indicate	a problem that needs attention;
lags are much easier to remedy during infancy than	later on.
remember the dynamic systems of senses and motor skills: .	If one sense or motor skill is impaired, other parts are affected as well
Fine motor skills are aided by the ability to ;	sit
language development depends on ;	hearing
reading depends on	vision
careful monitoring of basic sensory and motor skills in infancy is part of	good infant care.
Finally, One single mother who experienced postpartum depression thought:	I had other problems. I hadn’t any money, debt, family fighting I wasn’t such a good mother. Love the baby and everything will be fine, the baby didn’t respond. I’m affectionate, the baby didn’t like affection.
Can the father be of any practical help in the birth process?	Usually not, unless experienced, well taught,w/emotional support for mother and newborn
fathers are vulnerable to depression, too,	with the same stresses that mothers feel sometimes w/ more emotional problems. Help both parents in the first weeks after birth.
fathers felt stressed and	felt troubled that they felt stressed, and they avoided talking about it. Many good reasons thought should be strong and supportive instead, (Darwin)
One father acknowledged that he	did not sleep well during pregnancy
in modern marriages both partners	feel the effects of pregnancy and birth.
several fathers worried	intensely about birth, their partner, and the baby, and yet many men felt they had no right to complain.
Symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers.	couvade
colostrum saves infant lives, especially if the infant is preterm	True
Breast-feeding	is universal.
Vaccination of 95 percent of toddlers helps	protect the other 5 percent. If the mother has genuine religious reasons, talk to her clergy adviser.
Formula is preferable only	in unusual cases, such toxic drugs o HIV-positive.
In some nations, the infants’ risk of catching HIV from their mothers is lower than	the risk of dying from infections, diarrhea, or malnutrition as a result of bottle-feeding
foods (rice cereal and bananas) at 4 months; others want mothers to wait until 6 months for	Breastfeeding
Breast-feeding was once universal, but by the mid-twentieth century	many mothers thought formula was better.
81 % of U.S. newborns were breast-fed, as were 1/2_ 6-month-olds and 1/4 of all 1-year-olds	In 2015,
given the complexity and variation of human families, mothers should not	feel guilty for feeding their babies formula.
No single behavior
What a child recovers from a disease that's life threatening	They become immune
Stunning successes in immunization include	smallpox, polio, measles
Children may react to immunization by being	irritable or even feverish
Many parents are concerned about the potential side effects of vaccines, in part because	the rare event of one person sickened by vaccination is broadcast widely
Psychologists find that a common source of irrational thinking is	overestimating the frequency of a memorable case
the rate of missed vaccinations in the United States has been rising	over the past decade, and epidemics of childhood diseases, such as one that occurred at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, in 2014, are feared.
Herd immunity	90 % are vaccinated protect the5% not vaccinated
prefrontal cortex, Executive function,where ___ skills happen.	non-cognitive
some control and impulse control, certain kinds of memory and reasoning skills are called	executive functions
Executive functions all of the brain occur in the	Prefrontal cortex
over one-fourth of their low-income students had serious self-control and behavior problems. Nadine Burke Harris says that is true for her patients, could be	An example of facts that may not be cause and effect. PAF
epidemics	Are feared
Connecticut. In 2012, flu vaccination was required for all	6- to 59-month-olds in licensed day-care centers.
Colorado in 2012	Did not use flu vaccinations.
Encouragement of breast-feeding from family members, especially fathers	is crucial
Malnutritionv as Protein-calorie balance occurs when a person does not	consume enough food to sustain normal growth.
Children may suffer from stunting, being short for their age because	chronic malnutrition reduced their growth
Children may suffer from ____ , being severely underweight for their age and height (2 or more standard deviations below average).	wasting
East Asia, Latin America, and Central Europe improved child nutrition in the past decades, decreasing .	wasting and stunting
fewer young children are stunted ( ---million in 1970;---million in 2015).	255,156
Civil war, climate change, and limited access to contraception have increased ___ in East and Central Africa, from__to__million in the past 50 years.	stunting, 20 to 28
protein-calorie malnutrition A condition in which	a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind. This deprivation can result in several illnesses, severe weight loss, and even death.
The failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition is called	Stunting
The tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition is called.	wasting
in ___ wasting has increased. Explanation include high birth rate, maternal AIDS deaths, climate change, and civil wars.	Africa
Diseases are the leading causes of childhood deaths—diarrhea and pneumonia—but also milder diseases such as measles.	half of all childhood deaths occur because malnutrition makes a childhood disease lethal,
Chronically malnourished infants and children suffer in three ways: Learning suffers. If malnutrition continues long enough to affect height, it also affects the brain. If hunger reduces energy and curiosity, learning suffers. Diseases are more serious.
If Chronic malnutrition continues long enough to affect height, it also affects the brain then	Learning suffers, hunger reduces energy and curiosity,
Malnutrition makes a childhood disease	Lethal
Leading causes of childhood disease death	Diarrhea and pneumonia milder diseases would be measles
Some diseases result directly from malnutrition including	Marasmus, during the first year and kwashiorkor,
When body tissues waste away it is called	Marasmus
When growth slows down hair becomes thin skin becomes splotchy on the face legs and abdomen swell with fluid (edema)	Kwashiorkor
Prevention is needed more than	Treatment
Digestive system failure is often the cause	Malnutrition
Prenatal nutrition breastfeeding supplemental iron and vitamin A stop	Malnutrition before it starts (a formula of fortified peanut butter is used)
Southern Sudan suffers civil war end	Malnutrition
In India multiple births are a risk of	Malnutrition

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