BIO Ch 14 III Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
direct interactions between cells are critical to	the development and function of multicellular organisms
some cell-ell interactions are transient, such as the interactions between ______ and the interactions that direct ______ to _____	cells of the immune system, white blood cells, sites of tissue inflammation
stable cell-cell interactions play a role in	organization of tissues
specialized types of junctions provide a mechanism for	rapid communication between cells
cell-cell adhesion is a selective process such that	cells adhere only to other cells of specific types
selective cell-cell adhesion is mediated by	cell adhesion molecules
cell adhesion molecules are	transmembrane proteins
fxn of cell adhesion molecules	mediate selective cell-cell adhesion
cell adhesion molecules can be _____	divided into 4 groups
the four groups of cell adhesion molecules	selectins, integrins, Ig superfamily, Cadherins
cell adhesion mediated by ______ requires ____	selectins, integrins and most cadherins, Ca2+, Mg 2+ or Mn2+
many adhesive interactions between cells are ___-dependent	cation
the selectins mediate transient interactions between	leukocytes and endothelial cells or blood platelets
there are ___ members of the selectin family :	3, E-selectin, P-selectin,L-selectin
e-selectin expressed on	endothelial cells
p-selectin expressed on	platelets
l-selectin expressed on	leukocytes
selectins recognize	cell surface carbohydrates
one of the critical roles of selectins is to initiate the interactions between __ and ___ during the migration of ____ to ____	leukocytes, endothelial cells, leukocytes, sites of inflammation
in the process of attachment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation, the _____ first mediate _____	selectins, initial adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells
ICAM stands for	intracellular adhesion molecules
after initial adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells by selectins during inflammation, the formation of ___ occurs, in which ____ on the ____ bind to ___	more stable adhesion, integrins on the surface of leukocytes, ICAMs
ICAMs are members of the _____	Ig superfamily
ICAMs are expressed on	surface of endothelial cells
After binding of ICAMs, the ____ are able to _____ and ___	leukocytes, penetrate the walls of the capillaries, enter the underlying tissue
leukocytes leave the circulation at ____ by interacting with the ____ of ____	sites of tissue inflammation, endothelial cells, capillary walls
in the second step of attachment of leukocytes to endothelial cells in inflammation, __ bind to ICAMs	integrins
the binding of integrins to ICAMs is an example of	heterophilic interaction
heterophilic interaction	an adhesion molecule on the surface of one cell recognizes a different molecule on the surface of another cell
homophilic interaction	molecule on the surface of one cell binds to the same molecule on the surface of another cell
members of the Ig superfamily can mediate ___ interactions	heterophilic and homophilic
homophilic binding can lead to ___ between ___	selective adhesion, cells of the same type
there are more than __ members of the Ig superfamily	100
the Ig superfamily is a family of ____ containing___-	CAMs, domains similar to immunoglobin
the cadherins have about ___ members	80
cadherins share a ____ that ____	conserved extracellular domain, mediates largely homophilic interactions
cadherins are involved in	selective adhesion between embryonic cells, formation of specific synapses in the nervous system, maintenance of stable junctions between cells
stable adhesion juntions involving the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells are usually based on	cadherins
cell-cell interactions mediated by selectins, integrins, and Ig superfamily are generally	transient
what are the types of cell-cell junctions	adherens junctions and desmosomes
the adherens junction anchors the __	actin cytoskeleton
basic components of adherens junction	a-catenin, B-catenin, p120, nectin, transmembrane cadherins
B-catenin and p120 are members of the __family	armadillo protein
in adherens junction, B-catenin binds to	cytosolic tail of cadherins, a-catenin
in adherens junction, a-catenin binds to	b-catenin, actin
in adherens junction, p120 binds to	cytosolic tail of cadherins
function of b-catenin in adherens junction	maintain stability of junction
function of p120 in adherens junction	maintain stability of junction
at stable cell-cell juntions, members of the protein armadillo family serve to ____	link cadherins to the cytoskeleton
nectin is a	cell adhesion molecule
nectins interact in a __ manner	homophilic
nectins can also bind heterolitically to ____ in the ____	different nectins, membrane of other cell
cell adhesions are initally mediated by interactions between	nectins
the initial interaction of nectins at cell adhesions then ____	recruits actin-binding proteins
the recruitment of actin-binding proteins to the cell adhesion begins	assembly of the mature junction
a desmosome is a region of contact between epithelial cells in which ____ are anchored to ____	keratin filaments, the plasma membrane
an adherens junction is a region of cell-cell contact in which the ___ is anchored to ____	actin cytoskeleton, the plasma membrane
desmosomes directly link the ____ of ____	intermiediate filament cytoskeleton, adjacent cells
what are the transmembrane cadherins in desmosomes	desmoglein, desmocollin
the transmembrane cadherins in desmosomes bind by ____ across the juntion	heterophilic interaction
the transmembrane cadherins in desmosomes bind to the intermediate filaments via	plakins
what armadillo family proteins are present in desmosomes	plakoglobin and plakophillin
what is the function of plakoglobin and plakophilin in desmosomes	bind to cytosolic tail of transmembrane cadherins and the intermediate-filament binding protein
what is the intermediate-filament binding protein in desmosomes	desmoplakin
desmoplakin is a member of the	plakin family
what member of the plakin family is present in desmosomes	desmoplakin
all components of desmosome	desmoglein, desmocollin, plakophilin, plakoglobin, desmoplakin, intermediate filaments
components of desmosome, family member, and what they bind to.	desmoglein & desmocollin: transmembrane cadherins, bind to plakoglobin & plakophilin & each other \| plakoglobin and plakophilin: armadillo protein family, bind to cadherins and desmoplakin \| desmoplakin, plakin family, binds to armadillo proteins & IFs
the strength of desmosomal links is a property of	the intermediate filaments and the various interactions
____ for the ___ and ____ allow tissue-specific variation in desmosome properties	multiple genes, desmosomal cadherins, armadillo family proteins
tight junctions are critically important to the function of ___ as_____	epithelial cell sheets, barriers between fluid compartments
tight junctions play two roles in separating liquid compartments:	1) prevent free passage of molecules between cells of epithelial sheet 2) separate basolateral and apical domains by preventing free diffusion of lipids and membrane proteins between them
tight junctions provide minimal ___, thus are usually found in___	adhesive strength, junctional complex
tight junctions are very effective	seals of the extracellular space
junctional complex	tight junction, adherens junction, desmosome
tight junctions are formed by _____ that _____	a network of protein strands, continues around the entire circumference of the cell
each strand in the protein network family is composed of transmembrane proteins of the ____ families	occludin, claudin, and junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)
all three of the proteins in the protein strans of tight junctions bind to ___ on ___	similar proteins, adjacent cells
the cytosolic tails of the proteins in tight junctions are associated with proteins of the ___ family	zonula
the association of the protein in tight junctions with zonula proteins serves to	link the junction to the actin cytoskeleton and hold it in place on the plasma membrane
___ may also be present in tight junctions	nectins
the role of nectins in tight junctions	recruiting claudins
tight junctions are the ____ between ____	closest known contact, adjacent cells
tight junctions virtually exclude the	passage of molecules between cells
what links to the actin filaments in tight junctions?	zonula proteins
JAM stands for	junctional adhesion molecule
JAMs have ___ domains	2 Ig
components of tight junction	occludin, claudin, JAMs, zonula proteins, nectins
linkge to the acitn cytoskeleton in tight junctions serves to	hold junction in place
within an individual tissue, cells are often linked by	gap junctions
gap junctions provide	direct connections between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells
gap junctions are ____ through the ____ that ____	open channels, plasma membrane, allow diffusion of ions and small molecules
gap junctions prevent the passage of	proteins and nucleic acids
gap junctions connect the ___ and ____ of the cells they connect	metabolic activities, electric responses
most cells communicate by	gap junctions
in electrically excitable cells, the passage of ions through gap junctions serves to _________ of ___	couple and synchronize the contractions, neighboring cells
gap junctions allow the passage of some ____, such as ___ and ____, which potentially coordinates ____	signaling molecules, Ca2+ and CAMP, responses of cells in tissues
gap junctions are constructed of proteins of the __ family	connexin
the connexins are a family of	transmembrane proteins
the connexin family consists of __ human proteins	21
connexon	cylinder with aqueous pore in the middle, gap junction
six connexins assemble in a gap junction to form a	connexon
a connexon is formed from	6 connexins
how is the open channel in the gap junction formed	alignment of connexons in adjacent cells
conbinations of various gap junction proteins give rise to ___ with ___	various connexons, various properties
an electrical synapse is made up of ___ that ____	specialized assmelblies of gap junctions, occur on specific nerve cells
specialized assemblies of gap junctions that occur in specific nerve cells	electrical synapse
cardiomyocytes use gap junctions to virtually ____ all ____ in ___ at the same time	depolarize, muscle cells, atria or ventricles
adhesion between plant cells is mediated by __, rather than by transmembrane proteins	their cell walls
___ acts as a glue to hold adjacent plant cells together	middle lamella
the middle lamella is rich in (in plants)	pectin
the middle lamella in plants is a region of the	cell wall
adjacent plant cells sometimes communicate with each other through ___	plasmodesmata
plasmodesmata	cytoplasmic connections through which plant cells sometimes communicate
plant cell walls, due to their rigiditiy, do not require the formation of ____ such as in ___	cytoskeletal links, desmosomes and adherens junctions
plasmodesmata function analogously to	gap junctions
integrins recognize the __ as a ligand	extracellular matrix, Ig superfamily
Ig superfamily recognize __ as a ligand	integrins, other Ig superfamily proteins
Cadherins recognize ___ as a ligand	other cadherins
selectins recognize __ as a ligand	carbohydrates
tight junctions allow transport of	ions and small molecules

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