BC 351 Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
An integral membrane protein can be extracted with:	a solution containing detergent.
Amphipathic alpha helices associate so that	the hydrophobic sides of the helices interact with the fatty acid tails of the lipid bilayer while the polar sides of the alpha helices point inwards forming a pore.
Energy containing nutrients (fats, carbohydrates, and proteins) are broken down via	catabolism
Hydropathy plots are a _______________ analysis.	quantitative
The sodium/glucose transporter is an example of	secondary active transport.
Small hydrophobic molecules pass across a membrane via	free diffusion.
The Warburg effect describes the observation that	cancer cells produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation.
How many ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose?	38
Membrane lipids	are classified first by backbone and second by head group.
Which of these statements is generally true of integral membrane proteins?	The secondary structure in the transmembrane region consists solely of α-helices or β-sheets.
Amphipathic α-helical structures	can form a hydrophilic pore within a lipid bilayer.
A hydropathy plot indicates	a stretch of amino acids forming a single-pass transmembrane domain.
yen uses secondary active transport.	uses ~30% of the ATP hydrolyzed in mammalian cells.
Which of these statements about facilitated diffusion across a membrane is true?	A specific membrane protein lowers the activation energy for movement of the solute through the membrane.
Integral membrane proteins	Associate so that the fatty acid tails are sequestered away from water
An amphipathic alpha helix is characterized by	alternating hydrophobic and hydrophillic amino acids every 3-4 residues
Catabolism	degrades nutrients (oxidation) and produces ATP
The Warburg effect is observed in	cancer cells and the first 3 divisions of embryogenesis
Membrane fluidity depends on	temperature and composition
The axes on a hydropathy plot are	hydrophillic amino acids (x) and hydrophillicity (y)
Which of the following is FALSE about sodium (Na+) transport across a membrane?	Sodium transport always requires ATP hydrolysis.
How many ATP are produced during glycolysis?	4
Aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg Effect	can be visualized through PET scans.
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)	can be used as a cosubstrate to drive unfavorable reactions.
Which of the following is true about ATP-coupled reactions?	Waste is oxidized and nutrients are reduced.
Metabolic reactions	are often compartmentalized
Energy requiring metabolic pathways that yield complex molecules from simpler precursors are:	anabolic
The function of acetyl-CoA is	to transfer acetyl groups for fatty acid biosynthesis
The standard free-energy changes for the reactions below are given.	+12.5 kJ/mol
The coenzyme NAD+	carries only one hydride anion (1 H+ and 2 e-s).
The conversion of 1 mol of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to 2 mol of pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway results in a net formation of	2 mol of NADH and 4 mol of ATP.
Biological oxidation-reduction reactions always involve:	transfer of electron(s).
Metabolism	consists of metabolic pathways that are linear, cyclic and spiral.
Catabolism refers to	a set of metabolic pathways that breakdown molecules into smaller units.
Every molecule has a Gibbs Free Energy (G). G is not dependent on	Time
The standard reduction potentials (E'°) for the following half reactions are given.	pyruvate would become reduced, NADH would become oxidized.
NADH reduces O2 in the first stage of oxidative phosphorylation to produce NAD+ and H2O. From table 13-7 (p. 515) and following the method of	4
Regarding ATP,	the cycling between ATP and ADP + Pi provides an energy coupling between catabolic and anabolic pathways.
When a mixture of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate is incubated with the enzyme phosphohexose isomerase, the final mixture contains twice as much glucose 6-phosphate as fructose 6-phosphate.	ΔG'° is +1.7 kJ/mol.
What is the general purpose of nicotinamide cofactors in metabolism?	To transport electrons from one reaction to another.
Life is thermodynamically possible because living cells	release heat to the environment.
biological oxidation-reduction reactions never involve	formation of free electrons
if you mixed succinate, fumarate, FAD, and FADH2 together, all at 1 M concentrations and in the presence of succinate dehydrogenase, which of the following would happen initially?	fumarate would become reduced, FADH2 would become oxidized
Living organisms require a continual supply of energy to exist because	they are creating order out of disorder inside their cells.
It is true that	life is a thermodynamically spontaneous process.
The advantage to a cell of the gradual oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration compared with its combustion to CO2 and H2O in a single step is	energy can be extracted in usable amounts.
When a mixture of 3-phosphoglycerate and 2-phosphoglycerate is incubated at 25 °C with phosphoglycerate mutase until equilibrium is reached, the final mixture contains six times as much 2- phosphoglycerate as 3-phosphoglycerate.	ΔG'° is –4.44 kJ/mol
In glycolysis, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is converted to two products with a standard free-energy change (ΔG'°) of +23.8 kJ/mol. Under what conditions encountered in a normal cell will the free-energy change (ΔG) be negative	The reaction will proceed spontaneously to the right if there is a high concentration of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate relative to the concentration of products.
For ATP hydrolysis, ATP ADP + Pi, what is the effect of changing the reaction conditions from standard chemical conditions to biochemical standard conditions on ΔG of the reaction?	The ΔG of the reaction will be more negative at a given ADP/ATP ratio.
When the concentrations of NAD+, NADH, oxaloacetate, and malate are all 10–5 M, the “spontaneous” reaction is:	Oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ --->malate + NAD+.
The structure of NAD+ does not include:	a flavin nucleotide
Glycolysis occurs in essentially all cells because	it evolved in an ancestor common to nearly all cells present on earth today.
In the breakdown of what you had for breakfast, the stage that generated the most ATP is	oxidative phosphorylation.
The purpose of phosphorylation ofglucose to glucose 6-phosphate by the enzymehexokinase as the first step in glycolysis is	to help keep glucose in the cytoplasm
The conversion of 1 mol of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to 2 mol of pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway results in a net formation of:	2 mol of NADH and 4 mol of ATP
Which of the following statements is not true concerning glycolysis in anaerobic muscle?	it is an endergonic process
When a lipid bilayer is torn it does not seal by forming a hemi-micelle cap because	membrane lipids are cylindrical
If analogous to why lipid bilayers form, the reason for this is	nobody else in the class wants to sit next to them
Three enzymes purified from a snake venom were tested for their ability to lyse red blood cells. The phospholipase produced phosphorylcholine and diacylglycerol. The results are explained by	producing a large number essentially non polar membrane lipids
Although present in relatively small amounts in mammalian cell plasma membranes, the phospholipid crucial in intracellular signaling is	phosphatidylinositol
Phosphatidylserine, normally found primarily only in the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane, is found at high levels on outer side in apoptotic cells. This redistribution occurs through	the phospholipid translocators are inactivated.
The organism likely to have the highest percentage of unsaturated fatty acid chains in its membranes is	an Antarctic fish.
Cholesterol is essential for lipid raft formation because	sphingolipids have large head groups
Which of the following statements is not true concerning glycolysis in anaerobic muscle?	It results in net synthesis of ATP.
If the glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase active site cysteine (-SH) were replaced with a serine (-OH), the effect would be	oxidization of the substrate without releasing it.
When 1 mole of ATP is hydrolyzed in a test tube without an enzyme, about twice as much heat is given off as when 1 mole of ATP is hydrolyzed in a cell. The observations are best explained by	In the cell, the hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to other endergonic reactions.
It is true that	the ΔG° for the oxidation of the aldehyde group on glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to form a carboxylic acid is more negative than the ΔG° for ATP hydrolysis.
Arsenate (AsO43-) can replace phosphate (PO43-) in many metabolic reactions, but the anhydride bond with arsenate is rapidly hydrolyzed. Arsenate is preferred over phosphate by murderers, but not cells	allows 3-P glycerate formation in the absence of ATP synthesis in glycolysis.
Radiolabeled fluoro-2-deoxyglucose labels tumor cells brightly in positron emission tomography (PET). This bright labeling is due to	cancer cells using high levels of glucose and producing large amounts of lactate.
Which of these cofactors participates directly in most of the oxidation-reduction reactions in the fermentation of glucose to lactate?	NAD+/NADH
At what point does glycolysis "break even" for ATP consumption and production?	When 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate kinase.
Which of the following reactions in glycolysis produce ATP?/The enzyme(s) that catalyze reactions in glycolysis that produce ATP are	Phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase
The irreversible steps of glycolysis are catalyzed by	hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase.
All of the following enzymes involved in the flow of carbon from glucose to lactate (glycolysis) are also involved in the reversal of this flow (gluconeogenesis) except	phosphofructokinase-1.
Which of the following statements about gluconeogenesis in animal cells is true?	The conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate is not catalyzed by phosphofructokinase-1, the enzyme involved in glycolysis.
Glycolysis	converts 1 molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate and 2 molecules of ATP.
Allosteric enzymes	change conformation upon binding of an effector.
There are a total of ____ ATP molecules and ____ NADH molecules produced during glycolysis.	4, 2
Phosphofructokinase-2 and fructose 2,6 bisphosphatase	are regulated in their relative activities through phosphorylation by PKA.
Phosphoglycerate kinase	catalyzes the reaction of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and ADP to ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.
The anaerobic conversion of 1 mol of glucose to 2 mol of lactate by fermentation is accompanied by a net gain of:	2 mol of ATP.
The regulated steps in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis	are paired, but involve different enzymes
Gluconeogenesis	generates glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon sources.
Which of the following statements about allosteric control of enzymatic activity is false?	Heterotropic allosteric effectors compete with substrate for binding sites.
A reaction at equilibrium in a metabolic pathway is	a rapid and reversible step.
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis	inhibit each other to prevent a futile cycle of producing glucose only to break it down.
The anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate produces ____ molecules of ATP.	2
NADH is produced in glycolysis by	glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase
In the first step of glycolysis	hexokinase uses ATP to produce glucose-6-phosphate.
Which of the following reactions in glycolysis produce NADH?	Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase.
The first reaction in glycolysis that results in the formation of an energy-rich compound (has a -ΔG˚’ of hydrolysis great enough to drive ATP synthesis) is catalyzed by:	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
During strenuous exercise, the NADH formed in the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in skeletal muscle must be reoxidized to NAD+ if glycolysis is to continue. The most important reaction involved in the reoxidation of NADH is:	pyruvate → lactate
The first step of glycolysis	is irreversible
catabolic metabolic pathways	function to convert the energy stored in the nutrient chemical bonds to energy carried in ATP
aerobic glycolysis in brain cells	consists of commensal metabolic relationship between astrocytes and neuronal cells
substrate level phosphorylation	is the only means of ATP synthesis under anaerobic conditions
3-bromopyruvate (BrPA) inhibits hexokinase and glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase. Question 2. The above data suggests	some cancer cells are highly dependent on glycolysis for ATP production
In the mass ratio of lipids to proteins in membranes	the mass ratio of lipids to proteins varies widely in different membranes
The forces that hold a membrane protein in the lipid bilayer and those that lead to protein folding into their tertiary structure	both involve the minimization of the interaction of hydrophobic amino acid R groups with the aqueous environment
Membrane proteins contain a lysine-rich sequence ending in a cysteine at their C-terminus that is required for membrane association. These proteins require detergents for release from membrane. These proteins are likely associated with membranes	through a covalent bond between the C-terminal cysteine and a lipid anchor
A bacterial small protein causes red blood cell lysis. It also make artificial liposomes very permeable. This bacterial toxin is likely	a β-barrel protein
The best candidate amino acid sequence for a monomeric single-pass transmembrane α-helix is (non identical; non-polar)	Ile-Thr-Leu-Ile-Tyr-Phe-Gly-Val-Met-Ala-Gly-Val-Ile-Gly-Thr-Ile-Leu-Leu-Ile-Ser.
The best candidate amino acid sequence for a β-strand in a β-barrel pore is (non identical; nonpolar)	Ala-Asp-Phe-Lys-Lue-Ser-Val-Glu-Lue-Thr.
The correct order of these molecules for the ability to cross lipid bilayers from most to least readily is	CO2>ethanol>H20>glucose >Ca2+>RNA
Membrane electrochemical gradients	involve both charge and concentration components with regard to Na+ but not K+ in most mammalian cells.
The ΔG for a molecule can be at equilibrium across a lipid bilayer and yet have different concentrations on one side than the other.	True
Cells A and B are the same size, shape, and temperature, but cell A is metabolically quiet and cell B is actively consuming oxygen. More oxygen will diffuse into cell _____ because _____.	B ... the concentration gradient into cell B is steeper
Membrane transporter proteins have been imagined to function through a 􀀁revolving door􀀂 mechanism. From what you know about membrane protein structure is this is likely to be the most plausible mechanism?	No
In most animal cells, channel proteins allow	Na+ into a cell.
If the plasma membrane becomes permeable to Na+ and K+, the Na+/K+ pump would	continue to pump ions and to hydrolyze ATP, but only generate heat in the process.
Consider the transport of protons and sucrose into a plant cell by the sucrose-proton cotransport protein. Plant cells continuously produce a proton gradient by using the energy of ATP hydrolysis to pump protons out of the cell.	The movement of protons through the cotransport protein cannot occur unless sucrose also moves at the same time.
A change you could make to the Na+- glucose transporter sufficient to make it pump glucose out of the cell rather than in include	making it a Na+-glucose antiporter
An ATP-dependent ion pump for heavy metal ions like Zn2+ functions similarly to Na+K+ pumps including changes in phosphorylation state. Addition of Zn2+ and ATP results in Zn2+ being pumped in.	a small amount of Zn2+ will move inside, no K+ will move outside, and the protein will become dephosphorylated

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