Soils 101 Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
| Question | Answer |
| Functions of Soil in our Ecosystem (6 Functions) | Supports the growth of higher plants Controls the fate of water in the hydrologic system Nature’s recycling system Modifier of the atmosphere Habitat for living organisms Engineering medium |
| A ___ is a three dimensional natural body, is formed by natural processes, and has unique features that distinguish it from surrounding soils | soil |
| The ___ is a collection of all these natural soil bodies | soil |
| Soil is made up of __, __, __, and __. | air, water, minerals, organic matter |
| Sand, silt and clay make up the soil ___. | texture |
| Soil ___ is the arrangement of sand, silt, and clay particles to form larger aggregates or peds. | structure |
| Soil ___ is usually not total destruction of soil, but loss of ___. | degradation, quality |
| ____ is a biochemical and physical process that involves both ___ and ___. | weathering, destruction, synthesis |
| ___ rock is formed from molten magma | igneous |
| ___ is formed when weathering products of older rocks collect under water (sediments) and are consolidated into new rock. | sedimentary |
| ___ is formed when igneous and sedimentary rocks are transformed under heat and pressure into new rock | metamorphic |
| ___ processes break minerals and rocks into smaller pieces, while ___ processes change the mineral composition. | physical, bio-chemical |
| The __ horizon is composed of organic materials generally above the mineral soil. | O |
| The __ horizon is the topmost mineral horizon. Usually contains enough organic matter to give it a dark color. Often coarser textured due to loss of fine particles. Derive from dead plant and animal residues. | A |
| The __ horizon is a zone of maximum leaching loss, eluviation of clay, Fe, and Al. Often sandy textured, below A horizon. Bleached, almost white color. | E |
| The __ horizon is below O, A, or E horizon and has undergone sufficient pedogenesis such that the original parent material is no longer discernable. Often a zone of illuviation, accumulating clays, Fe, Al. | B |
| The __ horizon is unconsolidated material underlying the solum (A and B horizons) | C |
| 5 Factors that influence soil formation | parent materials, climate, biota, topography, time |
| ___ is parent material transported and deposited by streams and rivers and deposited in floodplains, alluvial fans, and deltas. | alluvial |
| __ is parent material that is transported and deposited by gravity. | Colluvial |
| __ is parent material that is transported and deposited by ice. | Glacial till |
| ___ is parent material carried by rivers and streams and deposited in marine environments. | marine |
| ___ deposit occurred when glacial outwash was impounded allowing stratified sedimentation ranging from coarse beach sands to fine clay deposits | lacustrine |
| ___ ___ coarse sands and gravel deposited by glacial meltwater in an outwash plain | glacial outwash |
| ___ - parent material transported by wind. | eolian |
| ___ have the lowest degree of weathering and soil development and __ have the highest degree. | entisols, oxisols |
| Usually the only genetic horizon is an A horizon, Characterized by great diversity in environmental setting and land use Many are found in steep, rocky settings, Those found on fluvial and alluvial material can be fertile and productive | entisols |
| ___ have minimum horizon development, widely distributed throughout the world, can be highly productive or of low productivity. | inceptisols |
| ___ are formed in volcanish ash or other volcanic ejecta, high water holding capacity, cover significant forest land in Pacific Northwest. | Andisols |
| ___ are soils of very cold climates that contain permafrost, limited to polar regions and high mountain elevations | gelisols |
| __ are composed mainly of organic materials, contain at least 20-30% organic matter | Histosols |
| ___ are dry soils found in desert regions | Aridisols |
| ___ are clay rich soils that shrink and well with changes in moisture content, found where native vegetation is usually grasslands. | Vertisols |
| __ are dark, soft soils of grassland ecosystems, characterized by a thick, dark surface horizon | mollisols |
| __ are moderately leached forest soils with relatively high native ferility, develop under native deciduous forests | alfisols |
| __ are strongly leached acid forest soils with low native ferility, found primarily in humid temperate and tropical regions on older, stable landscapes | ultisols |
| ___ form under coniferous forest vegetation and are characterized by a thin subsurface horizon with accumulation of humus complexed with Al and Fe - a spodic horizon | spodosols |
| ___ are very highly weathered soils found in humid tropical regions in stable landscape positions, native vegetation is rain forest | oxisols |
| What are the three major factors that influence soil color? | organic matter content, water content, and presence and oxidation state of iron and manganese oxides. |
| Soil colors are described using the __ color chart. | Munsell |
| (Munsell color chart) hue: ___ , chroma: ___ , value: __ | hue: specific color , chroma: intensity or brightness of the color , value: lightness or darkness |
| (Munsell color chart) 10YR 5/6 , 10YR is the __, 5 is the __ , 6 is the __ | hue, value, chroma |
| The proportions of different sized individual mineral particles in soil determines the soil ___. | texture |
| coarse textured soil is __ and has __ sand, __ clay | loose, more, less |
| fine textured soil is __ and has __ clay, __ sand. | heavy, more, less |
| loamy textured soil is an __ mix of sand, silt and clay | even |
| ___ is the major agent stimulating formation and stabilization of crumb type soil aggregates. | organic matter |
| ___ density is mass of solids/volume of solids | particle |
| __ density is mass of solids/volume of soil | bulk |
| soil compaction __ porosity and __ bulk density | decreases, increases |
| __ is the attraction of water molecules to each other | cohesion |
| __ is the attraction of water molecules to solid surfaces | adhesion |
| __ results from greater attraction of water molecules for each other than for air. | surface tension |
| water always moves from a __ to a __ energy state. | higher, lower |
| ___ force always pulls water from higher to lower elevation. | gravitational |
| __ forces results from the attraction between water molecules and solid surfaces. Greatly reduce the energy state of water near soil particle surfaces | matric |
| __ forces results from the attraction between water molecules and solutes. Reduces the energy state of water in the soil solution. | osmotic |
| soil pores function like __ tubes. | capillary |
| ___ is saturated, o kPa | Maximum retentive capacity |
| __ is when the macropores are filled with air, -10 to -30 kPa | field capacity |
| __ is when macro, meso, and larger micropores are filled with air, -1500 kPa | permanent wilting point |
| as you go from 0 kPa to -1500 kPa, remaining water is held with __ strength | increasing |
| ___ water content is Volume of water present per unit volume of dry soil | volumetric |
| ___ is Mass of water present per unit mass of dry soil | gravimetric |
| ___ flow is the movement of water through pores that are (completely) filled with water. Though all pores are filled with water, most movement is in larger, continuous pores. __ is the driving force. | saturated, gravity |
| __ flow is far slower than __ flow. | unsaturated, saturated |
| __ flow is water movement in soils when larger pores (macropores) are filled with air and micropores are filled with water. __ potential is the driving force. | unsaturated, matric |
| __ is the entry of free water into the soil at the soil-atmosphere interface. | infiltration |
| __ is the downward movement of water through the soil profile | percolation |
| soil with __ porosity and __ of macropore space will have high rates of water infiltration and percolation. | high, a lot |
| soil __ decreases water infiltration and percolation. | compaction |
| as ___ content of soils increases, the soil water holding capacity will increase. | organic matter |
| __ moist soil has __ root to soil contact, while dry soil has __ root to soil contact. | good, poor |
Created by:
jsb5391