Chapter 5:The Integument and Related Structures
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| Integument | The skin of the body,consisting of dermis and epidermis.
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| Integumentary System | The skin and all of its related components,such as nails,hair,hooves,and horns.
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| Keratin | A tough,waterproof protein that makes up scales,the outer sheaths of beaks and claws,and feathers.
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| Keratinization | The normal formation of keratin inside epithelial cells of the skin.
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| Vitamin D | A fat-soluble vitamin essential for life in most organisms.
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| Epidermis | Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium,it is the outermost layer of the skin.
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| Dermis | The deep,connective tissue portion of the skin that contains blood vessels,glands,and hair follicles.
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| Hypodermis | Subcutaneous Layer.
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| Subcutaneous Layer | The layer of adipose tissue located beneath the epidermis and dermis that insulates and protects the body.
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| What are the cell types that are found in the epidermis? | Keratinocytes,melanocytes,merkel cells,langerhans cells.
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| Keratinocytes | Cells that synthesize keratin.
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| What is the function of Keratinocytes? | Produce a tough,fibrous,waterproof protein called keratin that gives skin its resilency and strength.
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| Melanocyte | Cells located a/in the lower epidermis that process tyrosinase and melanin.
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| What is the function of melanocytes? | Produces the pigment found in skin.
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| Melanin | That sulfuous pigment produced by melanocytes,especially when stimulated by sunlight.
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| Melanosomes | Granules filled with melanin that are transferred from the melanocytes to the keratinocytes.
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| Langerhans Cells | The macrophages of the epidermis that phagocytize invading microoganisms and produce antigens.
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| What is the function of langerhans cells? | Phagocyttizes microinvaders and plans an important role in helping to stimulate other aspects of the immune system.
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| Merkel Cells | Thought to aid in tactile sensory function,these cells are located in small numbers within the epidermal-dermal junction.
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| What is the function of merkel cells? | To aid in the sensation of tough,taking on a half-dome shape.
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| Merkel Disk | The junction formed by Merkel's cells and sensory nerves.
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| What are the five layers of the epidermis? | Stratum germinativum,stratum spinosum,stratum granulosum,stratum lucidum,and stratum corneum.
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| Stratum Germinativum | The base layer of epidermis,composed of a single layer of cuboidal cells that divide to replenish the constantly eroding superficial layer of the epidermis.
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| Stratum Basale | Stratum Germinativum.
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| Stratum Spinosum | The prickle cell layer.The weblike layer of epidermis dense with intercellular attachments.
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| Stratum Granulosum | The granular layer of epidermis containing keratohyaline and lamellated granules,located between the stratum germinativum and the stratum lucidum.
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| Stratum Lucidum | The clear layer of epidermis prsent only in very thick skin,such as that of the paw pads.
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| Stratum Corneum | The horny layer of the epidermis lying most superficially on the skin's surface.
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| Describe the process of keratinization. | Older cells are pushed away from nutrients and undergo profound changes.They fill with keratohyaline granules,lose nucleui,cytosol,and organelles,ultimately become lifeless sheets of keratin.
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| Tactile Elevations | Small elevations located throughout the surface of the epidermis,usunally containing a tactile hair.
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| Tactile Hair | Hairs sensitive to touch.
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| Tylotrich Hairs | Tactile hairs used to aid in the perception of touch.
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| Dermis | The deep,connective tissue portion of the skin that contains blood vessels,glands,and hair follicles.
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| What are the structures that comprise the Dermis? | Papillar layer,Dermal papillae,and reticular layer.
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| Papillar Layer | Layer of loose connective tissue that is intimately adjoined with the epidermis.
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| Dermal Papillae | Nipplelike projections that rise up into the epidermis formed by the papillary layer of the dermis.
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| Meissner's Corpuscles | The oval,tactile nerve endings,both myelinated and unmyelinated,found w/in the dermal papillae of the epidermis.
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| Reticular Layer | Layer of irregular connective tissue that composes the majority of the dermis.
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| What is the function of the Papillar layer? | Forms nipplelike projections called dermal papillar.
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| What is the function of the dermal papillae? | Help to cement the epidermis and dermis together.
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| What is the function of the reticular layer? | Blends to papillary layers to represent tension lines in the skin.
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| List the structure that comprise the hypodermis. | A loose layer of areolar tissue that is rich with adipose,blood and lymphatic vessels,and nerves.
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| Pacinian Corpuscle. | Tactile nerve endings located w/in the subcutaneous tissue of the skin.
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| Pigmentation | The degree of coloration dependent on the concentration of melanin.
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| Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH) | The anterior pituitary hormone that apparently influences the pigment cells of the skin.
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| Hypophysis | Pituitary gland.
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| What are the unique features of paw pads? | Many species have multiple footpads.Theses include:carpal pads,metacarpal and metatarsal pads,and digital pads.The pad is also composed of exocrine sweat glands and lamellar corpuscles.
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| Planum Nasale | The topmost plane of the muzzle in such species as cats,dogs,pigs,and sheep.
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| What are the unique features of planum nasale? | Composed of 3 epidermal layers;it is not composed of stratum lucidum and stratum granulosum.
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| Planum Nasolabials | The topmost plane of the muzzle including the upper lip in such species as horses and cows.
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| Chestnuts | Believed to be the vestigial remants of the carpal and tarsal bones or extra toes possessed by ancestors of the modern horse.
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| Ergots | Believed to be the vestigial remnant of metacarpal and metatarsal pads,they are the horny keratinized growths located behind the fetlocks of all equids.
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| Infraorbital Pouch | A pouch of cutaneous tissue found cranial to the medial canthus of the eye in sheep and other ungulates.Also called lacrimal pouch.
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| Interdigital Pouch | A pouch of cutaneous tissue that exudes a waxy substance.Found between the toes of sheep and other cloven-hoofed animals.
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| Inguinal Pouch | Also knows as mammary pouch.A pouch of cutaneous tissue found w/in the inguinal area of sheep.
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| Hair Follicle | Tubelike invaginations of the epidermis that traverse through the dermis into the connective tissue,where the hair is rooted.
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| What are the parts of the hair follicles? Describe how they grow. | Shaft-visible above skin.root-buried w/in skin.hair bulb-deepest part of hair follicle expands to form this.papilla-at base of bulb is a mound of dermal cells called this.matrix-covers the papilla.
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| Root Hair Plexus | The arrangement of sensory nerves located at the root of the hair follicle that enable it to sense touch.
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| Compound Follicles | Follicles through which more than one hair emerges.
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| Epidermal Orifice | The actual opening of the hair follicle through which the hair emerges.
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| Primary Hair | The large,straight hairs predominant in complex hair follicles.
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| Secondary Hairs | The smaller,yet most numerous hairs in an animal's under coat.
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| Medulla | The innermost layer of a hair strand made of two or three layers of flexible,soft keratin.
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| Cortex | In hair,it is the layer surrounding the medulla composed of hard keratin.
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| Cuticle | The single layer of cells that make up the outermost layer of the hair shaft.
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| Telogen Effluvium | The overall hair loss that occurs from the hair follicles being in a synchronized telogenic phase."Blowing the coat."
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| Anagen Phase | The active phase of hair growth.
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| Telogen Phase | The resting phase of hair growth.
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| Catagen Phase | The transitional phase between anagen and telogen phases of the hair growth cycle.
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| Pheomelanin | A sulfur-based,yellow-brown pigment that produces a reddish color in hair.
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| Tyrosine Melanin | The pigment that produces brown-black colors in hair.
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| List and describe the three types of hair. | Wool-type hair-secondary hairs.Sinus Hairs-tactile hairs.Primary Hairs-guard hairs.
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| Primary Hairs | The large,straight hairs predominant in complex hair follicles.
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| Tactile Hairs | Hairs sensitive to touch.
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| Implantation Angle | The degree of angle with regard to a shaft of hair.
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| Arrector Pili Muscle | Smooth muscle that is attached to the base of the hair follicle.
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| Describe the structure and location of sebaceous glands. | Located all over the body except in certain specialized regions,such as paw pads and the planum nasale.Glands in the dermis may be simple or complex alveolar structures.
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| Sebum | Secretion of the sebaceous gland containing oils and epithelial cells.
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| Lanolin | Fat-based secretion of the sheep's sebaceous glands.
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| Sweat Glands | Coiled glands,either merocrine or apocrine,located in the corium of all the body's subcutaneous flesh with few exceptions.
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| Eccrine Gland | Exocrine glands that secrete substances directly onto the skin without the loss of cellular material.
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| Apocrine Sweat Glands | Exocrine glands that secrete substances into the hair follicle,rather than directly to the skin surface.
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| What is the difference in eccrine and apocrine sweat glands? | Apocrine empty into hair follicles.Eccrine empty onto the surface of the skin.
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| Tail Gland | An oval region filled with many sevaceous and apocrine glands,located over the eighth coccygeal vertebrae.
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| Anal Sacs | Perianal sacs,containing apocrine and sebaceous glands,that are located at 5 & 7 o'clock positions relative to the anus.
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| Defecation | The expelling of feces.
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| Claws | Accessory appendages of the integumentary system present mainly in carnivores for the porpose of grasping prey and self-dense.
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| Distal Phalanx Bones | The bone of the phalanx that is located most distal from the body;the tip of the digit.
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| Dewclaws | A toe that does not reach the ground,such as the first digit of dogs and cats and the rudimentary medial and lateral toes of cattle.
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| Metacarpal Bones | Bones of the forelimb that lie between the carpals and phalanges of quadrupeds.
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| Phalangeal Bones | The bones that compose the digits.
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| Hoof | Ungula.
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| Ungula | An alternate name for the hoof.
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| Ungulates | The taxonomic classification of animals that includes all hoofed animals,both wild and domestic.
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| Corium | The dermis of the skin.
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| Laminar Corium | Provides nutrients to the stratum internum.
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| Laminitis | Manifests itself as extreme pain and heat in the equine hoof because of swelling and inflammation of the sensitive laminae.
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| Perioplic Corium | Located in the perioplic sulcus and supplies nutrients to the overlaying periople.
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| Coronary Corium | The part of the corium that has differentiated to provide nourishment to the hoof at the site of the coronary band.
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| Sole Corium | Located superior to the sole and provides nutrients to the sole.
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| Frog Corium | Located superior to the frog and provides nutrients to the frog.
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| Coronary Band | The part of the hoof that articulates with the skin.
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| Navicular Bone | The distal sesamoid bone of the horse.Its located deep in the hoof behind the joint between the middle and distal phalanges.
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| Coffin Bone | The distal phalanx bone,which is the entire third phalanx of the skeletal foot of the horse.
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| Laminae | The interdigitations between the corium and hoof that serve as the attachment sites between the hoof and coffin bone.
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| Hoof Wall | The external,cornified portion of the hoof.
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| Toe | The most anterior region of the hoof.
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| Quarters | ThThe medial and lateral regions of the hoof.
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| Heel | The most posterior region of the hoof.
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| Horn Tubes | Minute lines that traverse the hoof wall vertically from the germinating layer of the coronary band to the sole.
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| Sole | The concave plantar and palmar portion of the hoof.
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| Angle | The angle of the hoof wall as viewed from a leteral aspect when the foot is flat on the ground.
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| White Line | The white or light-colored region that marks where the wall and sole of the hoof adjoin.
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| Frog | The thick triangular pad located on both the plantar and palmar surfaces of the horse's hoof.
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| Point | The portion of the frog that points to the cranial surface of the horse's hoof.
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| Central Sulcus | The central depression of the frog in the equine hoof.
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| Collateral Sulcus | Deep ridge on either side of the frog that separates it from the bars in the equine hoof.
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| Digital Cushion | A thick pad of fat and fibrous tissue that lies beneath the sensitive frog.
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| Lateral Cartilages | Two large bands of cartilage contained within the equid hoof that,in conjunction with the frog and digital cushion,aid in venous return.
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| Horns | A horny,keratinized extension of the frontal bone in ruminate ungulates.
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| Polled Breeds | Hornless animals from species that normally produce horns.
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| Velvet Skin | The soft skin on the antlers of deer that provides a vascular source necessary during the early seasonal growth of the antler.
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| Why is skin important? | It covers and protects underlying structures and forms a critical barrier between the delicate inner workings of the body and the harsh elements of the external world.
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| What is the process of keratinization so important? | It enables millions of dead cells to rub off or exfoliate daily at no expense to the health of the animal.
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| How is the skin of hairy animals different from that of humans? | Skin covered with fur usually consists of three epidermal layers rather than five.
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| How is the dermis different from the epidermis? | The dermis is highly fibrous and the epidermis is primarily cellular.
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| What causes pigmentation of skin? | The presence or absence of melanin ganules in the armlike extensions of the melanocytes.
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| How are pawpads and the planum nasale different from other regions of the skin? | They forms are different.They are tough and thick.
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| What are the three cycles of hair growth? | Anagen,catagen,telogen.
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| Why does hair turn gray and then white as animals age? | Melanin production decreases.White hair is formed when the cortex loses its pigment entirely and the medulla becomes completely filled with air.
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| What factors stimulate contraction of the arrector pili muscle?Why is this muscle important? | When frightened or cold the animals hair will stand up.It is a defense mechanism designed to make the animal appear bigger and therefore less vulnerable to potential predators.
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| Where are anal sacs found and what is their importance to animals? | Located at the 5 & 7 o'clock positions reative to the anus.Important for elimination,marking territory,and attracting a mate.
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| What is the part of the horse's hoof that makes up the largest part of the hoof's bottom surface? | Sole.
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| What gives color to the skin? | Melanin.
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