Atomic Structure
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| law of conservation of mass | the law that states that mass cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes.
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| law of definite proportions | the law that states that a chemical compound always contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by weight or mass.
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| law of multiple proportions | the law that states that when an element combines to form two or more compounds, the mass of the element that combines with a given mass of the other is in the ratio of small whole numbers.
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| atom | the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element.
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| nuclear forces | the interaction that binds protons and neutrons, protons and protons, and neutrons and neutrons together in a nucleus.
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| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
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| average atomic mass | the weighted average of the mass of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element.
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| mass number | the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
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| electromagnetic spectrum | all of the frequencies or wavelenghts of electromagnetic radiation.
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| excited state | a state in which an atom has more energy than it does at its ground state.
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| frequency | the number of cycles or vibrations per unit of time; also the number of waves produced in a given second of time.
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| ground state | the lowest energy state of a quantizied system.
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| wavelength | the distance from any point on a wave to an identical point on the next wave.
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| angular momentum quantum number | the quantum number that indicates the shape of an orbital
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| Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle | the principle that states that determining both the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle simultaneously is impossible.
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| magnetic quantum number | the quantum number that corresponds to the alingment of the angular momentum component with a magnetic field.
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| orbital | a region in an atom where there is high probability of finding electrons.
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| principal quantum number | the quantum number that indicates the energy and orbital of an electron in an atom.
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| quantum numbers | a number that specifies the properties of electrons.
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| quantum theory | the study of the structure and behavior of the atom and of subatomic particles from the view that all energy comes in tiny indivisible bundles.
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| spin quantum numbers | the quantum number that describes the intrinsic angular movement of a particle.
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| Aufbau principle | the principle that states that the structure of each successive element is obtained by adding one proton to the nucleus of the atom and one electron to the lowest-energy orbital that is available.
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| electron configuration | the arrangement of electrons in an atom.
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| Hund's rule | the rule that states that for an atom in the ground state, the number of unpaired electorns is the maximum possible and those unpaired electrons have the same spin.
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| noble gases | one of the elements of group 18 of the periodic table; are unreactive.
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| Pauli exclusion principle | the principle that states that two particles of a certain class cannot be in exactly the same energy state.
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| highest occupied level | the electron-containing main energy level with the highest principal quantum number.
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| inner-shell electrons | electrons that are not in the highest-occupied energy level.
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| noble-gas configuration | an outer main energy level fully occupied, in most cases, by eight electrons.
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