Male Reproductive
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| Sperm are produced in the _____ in the testes, matured in the _____, and stored in the _____. | seminiferous tubules, epididymis, epididymis and vas deferens
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| At ejaculation, sperm are forced through the ____, into the abdomen via the ____, and around behind the _____. | vas deferens, inguinal canal, bladder.
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| There are two vas deferens each joined by a _____, and then meet in the ____, within the _____. | seminal vesicle, urethra, prostate gland
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| Sperm, plus secretions from the _____ and ____ pass out of the body via the ______ | seminal vesicle, prostate, urethra
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| Sperm are _____ int he testes, ____ in the spididymis, and ____ through the vas deferens and urethra _____ the body. | produced, matured, pass, out
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| There are ______ seminiferous tubules in each testis, all draining into the ______ | several hundred, epididymis
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| A layer of germ cells, called _______, surrounds the seminiferous tubule. | spermatogonia
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| Spermatogonia divide by mitosis. Some of the progeny remian germ cells adn some divide further by meiosis. These are ____. | spermatocytes
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| spermatocytes are enveloped by the _____, pass through the _____ and develop into sperm. | Sertoli Cells, blood-testies barrier
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| From spermatogonia to sperm takes about ____ and occurs throughout a man's lafe. | 10 weeks
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| Two hormones that stimulate Sertoli Cells. | FSH from the pituitary and testosterone from the adjacent interstitial cells
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| Sertoli Cells develop tight junctions with neighboring Sertoli Cells forming _____ | blood-testis barrier
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| _____ hold the developing spermatocytes within folds of their surface and translocate them to the lumen | Sertoli Cells
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| Sertoli cells consume the excess ____ of the spermatocyte. | cytoplasm
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| The acrosome contains these enzymes | hyaluronidase and proteases
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| The function of the acrosome | penetrating the cellular and protein barriers around the egg
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| The tail/flagellum of the sperm provides the motile force allowing it to swim at this speed. | 1-4mm/min
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| An adult male produces _____ sperm per day | 100 million
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| Only after about ______ in the epididymis do sperm become capable of motility, but inhibitory proteins ____ any movement | 18-24 hours, prevent
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| Sperm can remain alive for ______, mostly in storage in the ______. | About a month, vas deferens
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| Seminal vesicles are paired glandular structures that secrete ____, ____, and ____ in a mucus base | fructose, citric acid, protaglandins
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| Semen volume at ejaculation contain _____ of total volume from the seminal vesicles | 60%
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| Prostaglandins is thought to have two functions: | 1. inhibit the woman's immune response to the sperm
2.possibly cause reverse peristalsis in the uterus and fallopian tubes
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| Spongy, golf ball-sized gland surrounding the urethra just below the bladder | Prostate Gland
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| The Prostate gland has an alkaline secretion that contains ____, ____, ____, and high concentrations of _____ | bicarbonate, citrate, calcium, zinc
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| Semen volume at ejaculation contain ____ of total volume from the prostate gland | 30%
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| The prostate glad secretes bicarbonate that helps | protect the sperm from the vaginal acit
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| The prostate gland secretes zinc which | stabilizes the chromatin in the sperm heads
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| The physiologic goal of penis erection | is to deposit sperm as close to the cervis as possible
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| Parasympathetic neurons to the penis release | nitric oxoide (NO)
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| NO in penis erection causes | vasodilation of the local arteries and relaxation of smooth muscle fiber meshwork of the spongy areas of the penis
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| Arterial input is increased with ______ and simultaneously venous output is _____. | sexual excitement, restricted
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| Parasympathetic neurons release NO which increases cGMP, causing vasodialation. cGMP is degraded by phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5). Viagra acts by | blocking PDE5, thus the vasodilation and erection remains longer
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| Ejaculation of semen is caused by reflex impulses by _______ neurons from _____ respond to sexual excitement | sympathetic, T12-L2
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| In ejaculation the sympathetic neurons work to | initiate rapid peristaltic contractions of the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate glands and muscles at the base of the penis.
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| Semen volume is about _____. | 2-4 mL
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| At ejaculation sperm are _____ of fertilization | incapable
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| The development of sperm function is called | capacitation
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| Capacitation involves | -dilution by vaginal/uterine fluids of the inhibitory factors that supress sperm activity in the vas deferens
-uterine secretions of steroid-binding albumin which removes cholesterol from the surface of the acrosome
-influx of Ca++ from uterine fluids
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| In sperm penetration of the egg, ____ cuts the extracellular matrix | hyaluronidase
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| The anterior membrane of the sperm binds to receptors on the ______ of the egg surface | zona pellucida
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| Binding of the sperm to the surface of the egg releases _____ enzymes, which cut into the egg | acrosomal
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| The breaking in the egg surface initiates the opening of _____ | Ca++ channels
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| The opening of Ca++ channels spreads rapidly causing a microskeletal retraction that | prevents further sperm entry into the egg.
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| ____ sperm in an ejaculate are generally required for successful fertilization | 50-100 million
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| Sperm on the outside are killed by _____, their bodies help | vaginal acid, neutralize the acid
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| Sperm are non-self molecules for a woman, therefore | her immune system cells attach and kill them
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| Previous intercourse will have initiated anitbody formation against | his sperm
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| Many follicular cells and a mass of glycoproteins surround the egg, This is because | more enzymatic digestion is required than one acrosome can provide
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| The head of a sperm is about ____ in length and the tail in another ____. From cervix through uterus to the egg is _____ | 10um, 60-70um, a long traverse
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| Testosterone is produced in | Leydig cells (intersitial cells)
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| Testosterone is carried in the blood tightly bound to | beta-globulin, sex hormone binding globulin, plasma albumin
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| With hours testosterone is either absorbed by ____ or___ | target tissue cells, liver hepatocytes
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| testosterone is processed in the ___ and excreted in the ___ or ____ | hepatocytes, bile, in the urine
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| During fetal development testosterone has two functions | 1) directs development of gender specific organs 2) controls descent of testes into the scrotal sac
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| During puberty and adulthood testosterone functions to | direct development of male sex organs; directs grown of body hair in male specific pattern; deepens voice; increases muscle mass; thickens bone & directs male specific bone growth; increases basal metabolism; increases RBC concentration
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| Testosterone patterns in life | peak in 2nd trimester, drop at birth, peak in middle of first year of life, drop until hit puberty plateau in adulthood, taper in old age
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| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the ______ enters the portal system to the ____ | hypothalamus, anterior pituitary
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| The anterior pituitary releases ___ and ___ | LH and FSH
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| LH stimulates _____ to secrete _____ | Leydig Cells (intersitial cells), testosterone
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| FSH stimulates ______ of the seminiferous tubules to develop ______ | Sertoli Cells, Sperm
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| _____ and _____ provide feedback inhibition of hypothalmis and pituitary release | testosterone, ihibin
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| Describe Condoms | Physical barrier between sperm and egg, block transfer of sperm, reduce spread of HIV and STDs
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| Describe a Vasectomy | cut and seal off vas deferens, 30 min operation, high success rate, sperm produced and stored and die in the epididymis, not change in circulating testosterone, no autoimmune disease
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| Future Male Contraception injections of _____ derivatives | testosterone
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| Future Male Contraception Depo-provera injections | block LH-FSH with androgen gel or patch
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| Future Male Contraception RISUG | reversible injection of styrene gel into the vas deferens
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| Future Male Contraception GnRH agonists | bind toand inactivate receptors (down regulation)
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| Future Male Contraception Adjudin | blocks cell adhesion between Sertoli Cells and Spermatiocytes (similar to chemotherapy agents, requires high doses, with some liver damage)
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| Future Male Contraception Various alpha blockers | to inhibit ejaculation (ex phenoxybenzamine)
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| Future Male Contraception Calcium channel blockers | to block sperm movement
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| Future Male Contraception Gossypol | blocks enzyme in spermatogenesis, not always reversible, induces hyperkalemia, ocassionally fatal
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| Exogenous Anabolic Steroids | Testosterone or a dirivative, eother injected or with added side-chain
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| Possible advantage to Exogenous Anabolic Steroids | increase muscle mass
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| Possible side effects to exogenous anabolic steroids | lowered sperm count, testicular atrophy, increase aggressive behavior, heart damage, liver damage, suppressed immune system, migraines, severe acne, anaphylactic shock
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| Effects if women take exogenous anabolic steroids | all effects as is men, PLUS male pattern body hair, deeper voice, blocked ovulation, miscarriage and fetal damage.
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