SOC1301 Ch 1- Stack #93453.ang
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| Anomie | Durkheim’s term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.
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| Applied sociology | The use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations.
Example: studying connections between illegal drug use and the spread of HIV/AIDS.
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| Basic (pure) sociology | Sociological inquiry conducted with the objective of gaining a more profound knowledge of the fundamental aspects of social phenomena. Also known as pure sociology.
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| Clinical sociology | The use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of altering social relationships (as in family therapy)or restructuring social institutions (as in the reorganization of a medical center).
Example: Durkheim and suicide research.
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| Conflict perspective | A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups. This approach has become increasingly persuasive since late 1960s.
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| Dramaturgical approach | A view of social interaction popularized by Erving Goffman in which people are seen as theatrical performers.
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| Dysfunction | An element or a process of society that may disrupt a social system or reduce its stability.
Can be negative or positive in nature.
Example: Prison gangs can be functional for prison security.
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| Feminist view | A sociological approach that views inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization.
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| Functionalist perspective | A sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability.
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| Globalization | The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas.
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| Ideal type | A construct or model for evaluating specific cases.
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| Interactionist perspective | A sociological approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole.
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| Latent function | Unconscious or unintended function that may reflect hidden purposes.
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| Macrosociology | Sociological investigation that concentrates on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations.
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| Manifest function | Open, stated, and conscious function.
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| Microsociology | Sociological investigation that stresses the study of small groups, often through experimental means.
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| Natural science | The study of the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change.
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| Nonverbal communication | The sending of messages through the use of gestures, facial expressions, and postures.
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| Science | The body of knowledge obtained by methods based upon systematic observation.
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| Social inequality | A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, and power.
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| Social science | The study of the social features of humans and the ways in which they interact and change.
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| Sociological imagination | An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, both today and in the past.
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| Sociology | The systematic study of social behavior and human groups.
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| Theory | In sociology, a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior.
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| Verstehen | The German word for “understanding” or “insight”; used to stress the need for sociologists to take into account the subjective meanings people attach to their actions. Coined by Spencer.
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| functionalist perspective | views society as a living organism in which each part contributes to its survival. Parsons was a key figure in this development.
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| conflict perspective | views the social world as being in continual struggle. Karl Marx viewed the struggle as inevitable, given the exploitation of workers under capitalism.
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| feminist perspective | views inequality in gender as central to all behavior and organization. Often allied with the conflict perspective.Focuses on macro-level relationships, like conflict theory.
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| interactionist perspective | primarily concerned with the fundamental or everyday forms of interaction, including symbols and nonverbal communication.
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| George Herbert Mead | (1863-1931) first developed interactionism in the United States and is regarded as the founder of the interactionist perspective.
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| Talcott Parsons | (1902-1979) was greatly influenced by the work of Durkheim, Weber, and other European sociologists. Key developer of functionalist theory.
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| Karl Marx | views the social world as being in continual, inevitable struggle, given the exploitation of workers under capitalism.
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| Applied sociology | the use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations.
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| Clinical sociology | dedicated to altering social relationships or to restructuring social institutions
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| basic sociology | seeks a more profound knowledge of the fundamental aspects of social phenomena.
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| C. Wright Mills | Sociological Imagination
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| Sociological Imagination | It allows us to look beyond a limited understanding of things and people in theworld, and allows for a broader vision of society.
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| natural sciences (examples) | Astronomy, biology, chemistry, geology, and physics
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| social sciences (examples) | Sociology, anthropology, economics, history, psychology, and political science
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| Sociology v. Common Sense | C.S.is often unreliable & inaccurate; Soc. tests, records, and analyzes information scientifically.
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| Sociological Theory | set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behaviors. Effective theory may be both explanatory and predictive. Example: Durkheim’s theory on suicide.
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| Functionalist Perspective | In the view of functionalists, society is like a living organism in which each part
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| Functionalism | emphasizes the way that parts of a society are structured to
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| Robert Merton | described manifest functions as open, stated, conscious
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| Latent functions (example) | are unconscious or unintended functions, which mayreflect a hidden purpose. Example: Universities hold down unemployment and serve as meeting grounds for people to form new relationships.
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| Dysfunctions | element or process of a society that may disrupt the social system or reduce its social stability.can be negative or positive in nature. Example: Prison gangs can be functional for prison security.
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| Theory in Practice | Illustrates how the sociological perspectives are useful for understanding today’s issues.
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| Research in Action | Direct application to improving people’s lives.
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| Significance of Social Inequality | condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power. It often shapes behavior.
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| Conflict Perspective | Assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension. Approach has become increasingly persuasive since late 1960s.
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| Marxist View | • Exploitation of workers under capitalism.• Emphasis on social change and redistribution of resources. • Considered more radical and activist than functionalists.
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| African-American View | Contends knowledge is essential to combat prejudice and discrimination. Dubois founded NAACP.
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| W.E.B. Du Bois | Black sociologist who advocated for researchers to view society through the eyes of those who rarely influence the decision-making processes. Helped to found the NAACP.
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| Interactionist Perspective | Generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole. It is a sociological framework for viewing human beings as living in a world of meaningful objects.
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| George Herbert Mead | regarded as the founder of interactionism.
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| Interactionist Perspective (example) | Symbols are important in human communication. Example: A salute or a clenched fist.Nonverbal communications can include facial gestures, expressions, and postures.
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| dramaturgical approach | Compares everyday life to actors performing on a stage. Example: projecting a serious image in class and a party image with friends.
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| Erving Goffman | popularized the dramaturgical approach
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| Sociological Approach | • Sociology makes use of all the perspectives. • No one approach is the correct one. Perspectives may often overlap, and they can also diverge.
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| Theory | a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behaviors.Effective theory may be both explanatory and predictive. Example: Durkheim’s theory on suicide.
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| Sociological Theory | An essential task in building sociological theory is to examine the relationship between bits of data that are gathered through research and that may seem completely unrelated.
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| Durkheim | His Sociological Theory research suggested that, while a solitary act, suicide is related to group life. Suicide rates reflect the extent to which people are integrated into the group life of society (Catholics and Protestants).
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| Sociology v. Common Sense | • Common sense: often unreliable & inaccurate. Ex: Young people are becoming more religious. [Surveys of college students show decline in religious behavior.] • Sociology: tests, records, analyzes info scientifically to describe & understand soc. environ.
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| science | the body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation.
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| Natural science | the study of the physical features of nature.
Ex: Astronomy, biology, chemistry, geology, and physics are natural sciences.
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| C. Wright Mills | described sociological imagination as the ability to view one’s own society as an outsider. Example: What constitutes a normal sporting event is different in the United States than it is in Bali.
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| Sociological Imagination | type of creative thinking which allows us to look beyond a limited understanding of things and people in the world, and allows for a broader vision of society.
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| Social science | study of the social features of human society.emphasizes the influence that society has on people’s attitudes and behaviors, and examines the ways in whichpeople interact and shape society. Example: how sociologists and other social scientists study event
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| Social sciences (examples) | Sociology,anthropology, economics, history, psychology, and political science
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